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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
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Results for substance abuse treatment
108 results foundAuthor: Livingston, James D. Title: Mental Health and Substance Use Services in Correctional Settings: A Review of Minimum Standards and Best Practices Summary: Research consistently demonstrates that custodial and community corrections populations have substantially higher prevalence rates of mental health and substance use problems compared with the general population. This report presents a review of minimum standards and best practices in relation to the provision of mental health and substance use services in correctional settings. The report has been created to serve as a background document for the Centre as it prepares to undertake further work in relation to mental health practices in the criminal justice system. Details: Vancouver, BC: International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, 2009. 115p. Source: Year: 2009 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 116382 Keywords: Mental Health ServicesMentally Ill PrisonersPrisoners (Substance Abuse)Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Kirkwood, Louise Title: Evaluation of the Whanganui-a-Tara Courts and Health (WATCH) Project: Final Report Summary: The Whanganui-a-Tara Courts and Health (WATCH) Project was implemented from October 2006 to March 2007 to reduce repeat offending and improve health outcomes for young adult offenders with high and implicative addiction needs. The evaluation findings are based on a range of data including review of relevant documentation, client file review and interviews with WATCH participants and their family/whanau, interviews with key stakeholders, and analysis of court data relating to number and types of charges faced. Details: Wellington, NZ: Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand, 2008. 77p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2008 Country: New Zealand URL: Shelf Number: 119265 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Related Crime, AbuseDrug Addiction and CrimeDrug OffendersJuvenile OffendersSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Hall, Wayne Title: Legally Coerced Treatment for Drug Using Offenders: Ethical and Policy Issues Summary: This bulletin discusses the policy and ethical implications raised by legally coercing drug offenders into drug treatment in the community and providing compulsory treatment within the prison system. The bulletin briefly summarises the case for legally coerced drug treatment, describes the different approaches that have been used to implement it, discusses the ethical issues raised by different types of legally coerced drug treatment, and summarises the evidence on the effectiveness of community-based drug treatment with and without legal coercion. The case for, and evidence on, the effectiveness of providing voluntary drug treatment in prisons is then considered. Finally, in the light of the evidence reviewed, the bulletin discusses the NSW Compulsory Drug Treatment Corrections Centre and the challenges in evaluating its effectiveness. Details: Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2010. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice, No. 144: Accessed November 29, 2010 at: http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/CJB144.pdf/$file/CJB144.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/CJB144.pdf/$file/CJB144.pdf Shelf Number: 120301 Keywords: Drug Abuse TreatmentDrug ControlDrug OffendersSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality Title: The TEDS Report: Characteristics of Probation and Parole Admissions Aged 18 or Older Summary: This report uses data from the Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) for 2008 to examine the characteristics of substance abuse treatment admissions referred to treatment by the probation or parole system (hereafter referred to as “probation or parole admissions”). Highlights of the study include the following: ● The most common substances of abuse reported by probation or parole admissions were alcohol (30.6 percent), marijuana (26.4 percent), and methamphetamines (15.6 percent); more than one half reported more than one substance of abuse at admission (59.2 percent)● The majority of probation or parole admissions were male (76.6 percent), had never married (63.1 percent), were between the ages of 18 and 44 (81.3 percent), and were non-Hispanic White (52.3 percent)● Over one third of the probation and parole admissions had less than a high school education (39.6); the majority of these admissions were unemployed (36.8 percent) or not in the labor force (26.2 percent)● The majority of probation or parole admissions had been in treatment at least once before (57.5 percent); 18.4 percent reported three or more prior treatment episodes. Details: Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2011. 5p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 9, 2011 at: http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k11/231/231Parole2k11Web.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k11/231/231Parole2k11Web.pdf Shelf Number: 120912 Keywords: Drug Abuse and CrimeParoleParoleesProbationProbationersSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Olson, David E. Title: A Process and Impact Evaluation of the Sheridan Correctional Center Therapeutic Community Program During Fiscal Years 2004 through 2010 Summary: In response to increases in Illinois’ prison population, low rates of access to substance abuse treatment services while in prison, and high rates of recidivism, on January 2, 2004, the Illinois Department of Corrections opened the Sheridan Correctional Center as a fully-dedicated, modified therapeutic community for incarcerated adult male inmates. Since the program began, a process and impact evaluation has been conducted by researchers from Loyola University Chicago, the Illinois Department of Corrections, the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, Treatment Alternatives for Safe Communities (TASC), the Safer Foundation, and WestCare. After 6 ½ years of operation, covering the period from January 2, 2004 through the end of State Fiscal Year 2010 (June 30, 2010), the evaluation has found the following: The pre-operational target population identified for the program is being served, with those admitted to Sheridan having extensive criminal and substance abuse histories, and a substantial unmet need for treatment, vocational and educational programming; As a result of strong support from IDOC executive staff, the Sheridan program has been allowed to evolve and be implemented in a manner that has ensured the clinical integrity of the program and the availability of sufficient resources for needed services; As a result of Sheridan, IDOC has developed and implemented a process by which all adult inmates admitted to prison undergo a screening to identify substance abuse treatment need, the integration of this information into their automated Offender Tracking System, and the development of a treatment waiting list for inmates; During the past 6 ½ years, the following significant accomplishments and improvements to the operation of the Sheridan Correctional Center have been achieved: o A consistently low rate of inmates being referred to Sheridan who are subsequently determined to not meet the eligibility criteria, and quicker identification and removal of these inmates from Sheridan. Overall, less than 5 percent of all inmates admitted to Sheridan were determined to not meet the eligibility criteria during the 6 ½ years of operation. o A consistently low rate of inmates being removed from Sheridan due to disciplinary reasons, despite the serious criminal histories of the population. The ratio of inmates who successfully complete the prison-phase of the program to those removed for disciplinary reasons was 4 to 1; o An increasing proportion of inmates being admitted to Sheridan via the treatment wait list from other institutions. During the first year of operation, less than 4% of admissions came from other prisons, but by 2007, nearly 25% of all Sheridan admissions came from other facilities via the treatment wait list; o During the course of program participation, inmates at the Sheridan Correctional Center improved their levels of psychological and social functioning, and reduced their criminal thinking patterns; o During the time period examined in this report, 32 percent of Sheridan graduates completed at least one vocational certificate program, and this reached a peak of 50 percent of inmates released during SFY 2008; and, o The implementation of enhanced pre-release planning for Sheridan releasees, including the involvement of a multidisciplinary case staffing team representing the institutional staff, parole and aftercare staff and the inmate. In addition to these enhancements at the Sheridan Correctional Center, significant accomplishments, enhancements and improvements to the post-release phase of the program have also been evident during the 6 ½ years of program operation, including: o A pattern of aftercare referrals consistent with the pre-operational expectations, with all Sheridan releasees receiving referrals to either outpatient or residential treatment services; o An increased rate of successful treatment admission among Sheridan releasees, fewer releasees failing to show up for aftercare referrals, and a decreased length of time between an inmate’s release and aftercare placement; and, o An increased rate of successful aftercare treatment completion among the Sheridan releasees. Among the SFY 2005 releasees from Sheridan only about one-half successfully completed post-release aftercare, but among the SFY 2009 and 2010 releasees, aftercare completion rates exceeded 70 percent. As a result of the successful implementation of the prison-phase of the Sheridan Correctional Center, coupled with the post-release aftercare component, the Sheridan program has produced the following outcomes: o The earned good conduct credits many of the inmates received at Sheridan for their participation in treatment during the first six full state fiscal years of operation (SFY 2005-2010) translates into a savings of 714 years of incarceration, which equates to $16.7 million, or $2.78 million per year, in reduced incarceration costs; o Sheridan participants who earned a vocational certificate were almost twice as likely to have job starts than those released from Sheridan who did not earn a vocational certificate; o As a result of the treatment services and aftercare received, those inmates released from Sheridan had a 16 percent lower likelihood of being returned to prison after three years in the community than a statistically similar comparison group of inmates released from Illinois’ other prisons during the same time period, and a 25 percent lower recidivism rate than those removed from Sheridan due to disciplinary reasons; and, o The largest reductions in recidivism —both in terms of rearrest and return to prison -- were evident among those Sheridan releasees who successfully completed aftercare treatment. Those Sheridan graduates who also completed aftercare had a 44 percent lower likelihood of being returned to prison after three years in the community than a statistically similar comparison group. Given that rates of aftercare treatment completion have improved substantially over the past year, it is likely that in the future the overall reductions in recidivism associated with Sheridan will be even larger. Details: Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 2011. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 21, 2011 at: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/pdf/ResearchReports/Sheridan_6_year_eval_report_01_2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/pdf/ResearchReports/Sheridan_6_year_eval_report_01_2011.pdf Shelf Number: 121085 Keywords: AftercareCorrectional ProgramsOffender Treatment (Illinois)RecidivismRehabilitationSubstance Abuse TreatmentVocational Training |
Author: Gerra, Gilberto Title: From Coercion to Cohesion: Treating Drug Dependence Through Health Care, Not Punishment. Discussion Paper Summary: The aim of this draft discussion paper, “From coercion to cohesion: Treating drug dependence through health care, not punishment”, is to promote a health-oriented approach to drug dependence. The International Drug Control Conventions give Member States the flexibility to adopt such an approach. Treatment offered as alternative to criminal justice sanctions has to be evidence-based and in line with ethical standards. This paper outlines a model of referral from the criminal justice system to the treatment system that is more effective than compulsory treatment, which results in less restriction of liberty, is less stigmatising and offers better prospects for the future of the individual and the society. Drug dependence treatment without the consent of the patient should only be considered a short-term option of last resort in some acute emergency situations and needs to follow the same ethical and scientific standards as voluntary-based treatment. Human rights violations carried out in the name of “treatment” are not compliant with this approach. Details: Geneva: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2010. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 21, 2011 at: http://www.unodc.org/docs/treatment/Coercion_Ebook.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.unodc.org/docs/treatment/Coercion_Ebook.pdf Shelf Number: 121088 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionHealth CareSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Correctional Association of New York Title: Treatment Behind Bars: Substance Abuse Treatment in New York Prisons Summary: Substance abuse is a daunting problem for the majority of prison inmates nationally and more than three-quarters of those in New York State. The devastation that often accompanies substance abuse places notoriously heavy demands on the criminal justice, correctional and substance abuse treatment systems, as well as on inmates, their families and their communities. The prison system has the unique potential to provide effective drug treatment to this captive population, addressing not only the individual needs of inmates but public health and public safety as well. Not only is the prison system in a unique position to provide drug treatment, but a substantial body of research documents that treatment is, on the whole, more effective than incarceration alone in reducing drug abuse and criminal behavior among substance abusers and in increasing the likelihood that they will remain drug- and crime-free. The need to provide more comprehensive substance abuse treatment services in New York State prisons, similar to the increasing need to provide mental health services in prisons as a result of deinstitutionalization of mental hospital patients, has directly been impacted by the Rockefeller drug laws. With their rigid requirements of mandatory minimum sentencing, the Rockefeller drug laws of 1973 radically restricted judicial discretion in utilizing alternatives to incarceration as a response to drug offenses. The result: 11% of the total prison population in 1980 were individuals incarcerated for drug-related offenses; as of January, 2008, that figure was 33%. Though this past year brought significant reform to the Rockefeller Drug Laws, several mandatory minimum sentences are still on the books and a large number of individuals remain ineligible for alternative to incarceration programs. The considerable increase in this population illustrates one of the many factors that make provision of prison-based substance abuse treatment paramount, as the majority of incarcerated individuals will participate in treatment due to the nature of their offense. As of April 2010, the New York State Department of Correctional Services (DOCS) operated 68 facilities, with 57,650 inmates under custody. Eighty-three percent of inmates were designated by DOCS as “in need of substance abuse treatment.” To address their needs, DOCS operates 119 substance abuse treatment programs in 60 of its facilities. As of April l, 2009, two of those programs were licensed as treatment programs by the State’s Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services (OASAS); the remainder are operated solely under the aegis and oversight of DOCS. The 2009 reforms to the Rockefeller drug laws call for change, however, requiring OASAS to guide, monitor and report on DOCS substance abuse treatment programs. In 2007, the Correctional Association launched a project to evaluate the needs of inmates with substance abuse problems and the State’s response to their needs. The information presented in this report is a result of this effort and presents our findings and recommendations based on visits to 23 facilities, interviews with experts, prison officials and correction officers, more than 2,300 inmate surveys and systemwide data provided by the Department of Correctional Services. Details: New York: Correctional Association of New York, 2011. 325p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 23, 2011 at: http://www.correctionalassociation.org/publications/download/pvp/issue_reports/satp_report_and_appendix_february_2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.correctionalassociation.org/publications/download/pvp/issue_reports/satp_report_and_appendix_february_2011.pdf Shelf Number: 121107 Keywords: Drug Abuse and CrimeDrug Abuse PolicyDrug Abuse Treatment (New York State)Drug OffendersInmatesPrisonersSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Olson, David E. Title: A Process and Impact Evaluation of the Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center Therapeutic Community Program During Fiscal Years 2007 through 2010 Summary: In response to increases in Illinois’ prison population during the late 1980s and early 1990s, low rates of access to substance abuse treatment services while in prison, and high rates of recidivism, in August 1995, the Illinois Department of Corrections opened the Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center (SWICC) as a dedicated substance abuse treatment facility operating under a modified therapeutic community philosophy. The 600-bed minimum security facility for incarcerated adult male inmates operated since 1995 as a prison-based drug treatment program, and was modified and enhanced beginning in October 2006 to include more extensive vocational training, a specialized methamphetamine treatment unit, more sophisticated pre-release planning and mandatory post-release aftercare. This evaluation examines the implementation of these enhanced services and the impact of this new enhanced treatment model at SWICC on recidivism since July 2006, and is the result of a collaborative effort between researchers from Loyola University Chicago, the Illinois Department of Corrections, the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, Treatment Accountability for Safe Communities (TASC), the Safer Foundation, and Community Education Centers (CEC). After four years of operation, covering the period from July 1, 2006 through the end of State Fiscal Year 2010 (June 30, 2010), the evaluation has found the following: The pre-operational target population identified for the program is being served, with those admitted to SWICC having extensive criminal and substance abuse histories, and a substantial unmet need for treatment, vocational and educational programming; As a result of strong support from IDOC executive staff, the SWICC program has been allowed to evolve and be implemented in a manner that has ensured the clinical integrity of the program and the availability of sufficient resources for needed services; During the past four years, the following significant accomplishments and improvements to the operation of the Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center have been experienced: o A consistently low rate of inmates being referred to SWICC who are subsequently determined to not meet the eligibility criteria, and quicker identification and removal of these inmates from SWICC. Overall, less than 5 percent of all inmates admitted to SWICC during the period examined were determined to not meet the eligibility criteria. o A consistently low rate of inmates being removed from SWICC due to disciplinary reasons, despite the serious criminal histories of the population. For every SWICC inmate removed for disciplinary reasons, more than 4 inmates successfully complete the prison-phase of the program; o During the course of program participation, inmates at the Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center improved their levels of psychological and social functioning, and reduced their criminal thinking patterns; and, o The implementation of enhanced pre-release planning for SWICC releasees, including the involvement of a multidisciplinary case staffing team representing the institutional staff, parole and aftercare staff and the inmate. In response to increases in Illinois’ prison population during the late 1980s and early 1990s, low rates of access to substance abuse treatment services while in prison, and high rates of recidivism, in August 1995, the Illinois Department of Corrections opened the Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center (SWICC) as a dedicated substance abuse treatment facility operating under a modified therapeutic community philosophy. The 600-bed minimum security facility for incarcerated adult male inmates operated since 1995 as a prison-based drug treatment program, and was modified and enhanced beginning in October 2006 to include more extensive vocational training, a specialized methamphetamine treatment unit, more sophisticated pre-release planning and mandatory post-release aftercare. This evaluation examines the implementation of these enhanced services and the impact of this new enhanced treatment model at SWICC on recidivism since July 2006, and is the result of a collaborative effort between researchers from Loyola University Chicago, the Illinois Department of Corrections, the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, Treatment Accountability for Safe Communities (TASC), the Safer Foundation, and Community Education Centers (CEC). After four years of operation, covering the period from July 1, 2006 through the end of State Fiscal Year 2010 (June 30, 2010), the evaluation has found the following: The pre-operational target population identified for the program is being served, with those admitted to SWICC having extensive criminal and substance abuse histories, and a substantial unmet need for treatment, vocational and educational programming; As a result of strong support from IDOC executive staff, the SWICC program has been allowed to evolve and be implemented in a manner that has ensured the clinical integrity of the program and the availability of sufficient resources for needed services; During the past four years, the following significant accomplishments and improvements to the operation of the Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center have been experienced: o A consistently low rate of inmates being referred to SWICC who are subsequently determined to not meet the eligibility criteria, and quicker identification and removal of these inmates from SWICC. Overall, less than 5 percent of all inmates admitted to SWICC during the period examined were determined to not meet the eligibility criteria. o A consistently low rate of inmates being removed from SWICC due to disciplinary reasons, despite the serious criminal histories of the population. For every SWICC inmate removed for disciplinary reasons, more than 4 inmates successfully complete the prison-phase of the program; o During the course of program participation, inmates at the Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center improved their levels of psychological and social functioning, and reduced their criminal thinking patterns; and, o The implementation of enhanced pre-release planning for SWICC releasees, including the involvement of a multidisciplinary case staffing team representing the institutional staff, parole and aftercare staff and the inmate.In response to increases in Illinois’ prison population during the late 1980s and early 1990s, low rates of access to substance abuse treatment services while in prison, and high rates of recidivism, in August 1995, the Illinois Department of Corrections opened the Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center (SWICC) as a dedicated substance abuse treatment facility operating under a modified therapeutic community philosophy. The 600-bed minimum security facility for incarcerated adult male inmates operated since 1995 as a prison-based drug treatment program, and was modified and enhanced beginning in October 2006 to include more extensive vocational training, a specialized methamphetamine treatment unit, more sophisticated pre-release planning and mandatory post-release aftercare. This evaluation examines the implementation of these enhanced services and the impact of this new enhanced treatment model at SWICC on recidivism since July 2006, and is the result of a collaborative effort between researchers from Loyola University Chicago, the Illinois Department of Corrections, the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, Treatment Accountability for Safe Communities (TASC), the Safer Foundation, and Community Education Centers (CEC). After four years of operation, covering the period from July 1, 2006 through the end of State Fiscal Year 2010 (June 30, 2010), the evaluation has found the following: The pre-operational target population identified for the program is being served, with those admitted to SWICC having extensive criminal and substance abuse histories, and a substantial unmet need for treatment, vocational and educational programming; As a result of strong support from IDOC executive staff, the SWICC program has been allowed to evolve and be implemented in a manner that has ensured the clinical integrity of the program and the availability of sufficient resources for needed services; During the past four years, the following significant accomplishments and improvements to the operation of the Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center have been experienced: o A consistently low rate of inmates being referred to SWICC who are subsequently determined to not meet the eligibility criteria, and quicker identification and removal of these inmates from SWICC. Overall, less than 5 percent of all inmates admitted to SWICC during the period examined were determined to not meet the eligibility criteria. o A consistently low rate of inmates being removed from SWICC due to disciplinary reasons, despite the serious criminal histories of the population. For every SWICC inmate removed for disciplinary reasons, more than 4 inmates successfully complete the prison-phase of the program; o During the course of program participation, inmates at the Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center improved their levels of psychological and social functioning, and reduced their criminal thinking patterns; and, o The implementation of enhanced pre-release planning for SWICC releasees, including the involvement of a multidisciplinary case staffing team representing the institutional staff, parole and aftercare staff and the inmate. In addition to these enhancements at the Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center, significant accomplishments, enhancements and improvements to the post-release phase of the program have also been evident during the four years of program operation examined in this report, including: o A pattern of aftercare referrals consistent with the pre-operational expectations, with nearly all SWICC releasees receiving referrals to either outpatient or residential treatment services; o A high rate of successful treatment admission among the SWICC releasees, fewer releasees failing to show up for aftercare referrals, and a short length of time between an inmate’s release and placement into aftercare treatment; and, o A high, and increasing rate of successful aftercare treatment completion among the SWICC releasees. Between SFY 2007 and 2010, the proportion of SWICC releasees successfully completing aftercare increased from roughly 58 percent to 71 percent. As a result of the successful implementation of the prison-phase of the Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center, coupled with the post-release aftercare component, the SWICC program has produced the following outcomes: o The earned good conduct credits many of the inmates received at SWICC for their participation in treatment during the first four state fiscal years of operation (SFY 2007-2010) translates into a savings of 376 years of incarceration, which equates to $8.8 million, or $2.2 million per year, in reduced incarceration costs; o As a result of the treatment services and aftercare received, those inmates released from SWICC had a 15 percent lower likelihood of being returned to prison after two years in the community than a statistically similar comparison group of inmates released from Illinois’ other prisons during the same time period. o The largest reductions in recidivism were evident among those SWICC releasees who successfully completed aftercare treatment. Those SWICC graduates who also completed aftercare had a 48 percent lower likelihood of being returned to prison after two years in the community than a statistically similar comparison group. Details: Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 2011. 105p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2011 at: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/pdf/ResearchReports/SWICC_Year_3_Evaluations_Report_March_2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/pdf/ResearchReports/SWICC_Year_3_Evaluations_Report_March_2011.pdf Shelf Number: 121390 Keywords: Correctional Programs (Illinois)Drug OffendersDrug TreatmentSubstance Abuse TreatmentVocational Education and Training |
Author: Jacobs, Erin Title: Report on the Evaluation of the ComALERT Prisoner Reentry Program Summary: This report evaluates the ComALERT (“Community and Law Enforcement Resources Together”) program, which provides substance abuse counseling and other treatment, employment and housing services to parolees in Kings County, New York. The evaluation consists of three main parts: (1) an analysis of recidivism among ComALERT clients, studying patterns of re-arrest, re-conviction, parole violation, and re-incarceration, (2) an analysis of a survey of employment, family life, and drug use among ComALERT clients and a comparison group of Brooklyn parolees, and (3) an analysis of unemployment insurance data, containing earnings and employment information on the respondents to the survey. Among a new generation of prisoner re-entry programs around the country, ComALERT is unusual in providing a comprehensive array of services to its clients shortly after release from prison. In addition to substance abuse counseling, ComALERT offers transitional housing and employment for up to a year as well as job referral services in an effort to integrate parolees into mainstream social roles. While evaluations of prisoner re-entry programs typically focus on recidivism, our research design also aims to shed light on the employment, sobriety, and family life of the ComALERT clients. We take this broader focus in part because ComALERT is motivated to reduce recidivism particularly through treatment and employment, and partly because criminological research shows the importance of employment, family life, and sobriety to criminal desistance. To preview the main results, we find that ComALERT clients are 15% less likely to be re-arrested after two years from release from prison than a comparison group with a similar criminal history. Clients that graduate from the program are more than 30% less likely to be arrested than the comparison group. The survey data show very high employment rates among ComALERT clients and graduates, more than twice as high as a comparison group matched on criminal history and demographic characteristics. Graduates of ComALERT’s Ready Willing and Able program have especially high rates of employment. ComALERT clients also report modestly lower rates of drug and alcohol use than the control group. While these results are extremely promising, a stronger evaluation is needed. Such an evalution would involve some kind of random assignment to the program, to eliminate systematic selection as a source of the difference between the program and comparison groups. Details: Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 2007. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2011 at: http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/soc/faculty/western/pdfs/report_1009071.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/soc/faculty/western/pdfs/report_1009071.pdf Shelf Number: 121663 Keywords: Employment, Ex-OffendersHousingParoleesRecidivismReentryRehabilitationSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Idaho State Police. Statistical Analysis Center, Planning, Grants, and Research Title: Evaluation of the Lemhi County/City of Salmon Integrated Community Based Problem Solving Initiative Summary: In 2005, the Idaho Criminal Justice Grant Review Board requested proposals for a comprehensive community project that would involve partnerships from many supporting agencies, creating a significant and enduring impact upon substance abuse within one community. A Byrne/JAG request for proposal (RFP) was created with the expectation of one community receiving approximately $250,000 for a collaborative, multi-agency effort. In October 2005, Lemhi County and the City of Salmon were awarded funding for the Lemhi/ Salmon Integrated Community Based Problem Solving Initiative (CBPSI). The project combines efforts of drug enforcement, prosecution, offender accountability/treatment, prevention and education to form a comprehensive community project within a rural area. . Details: Meridian, ID: Idaho Statistical Analysis Center, 2011. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2011 at: http://www.isp.idaho.gov/pgr/Research/documents/lemhi4.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.isp.idaho.gov/pgr/Research/documents/lemhi4.pdf Shelf Number: 121682 Keywords: Community-Based ProgramsDrug OffendersDrug TreatmentSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Morrish, Dawn Title: A Health Needs Assessment of the Hertfordshire Probation Trust Caseload Summary: There is much literature about the health, particularly mental health of prisoners, but very little about the health needs of offenders in the community. Offender Health Care Strategies concluded that offenders in the community would have similar needs to prisoners, mainly physical health, mental health and substance misuse needs. Whereas, at the end of March 2010 there were 85,184 people (80,894 males and 4,290 females) in custody in England and Wales a rise of 2,200 from March 2009. Amongst the remand population, the largest change since March 2009 by offence group was for drugs offences, which were up by 10%. One of the biggest requirements for community orders and suspended sentence orders from Q4 2008-Q4 2009 was for alcohol treatment, up by 13%. Compared to sentenced offenders there were 241,504 offenders being managed in the community by the National Probation Service as at end December, 2009. For Hertfordshire Probation Trust this figure was 3,487 compared to a prison population of 768 at HMP The Mount, Hertfordshire’s Category C male prison. If offender health is to be effectively addressed, the focus needs to widen to address offender health needs rather than emphasis on health care for prisoners. In the community many offenders seem to have difficulty accessing mainstream health services, and tend to overuse Accident and Emergency centres, but have very little provision of preventive health care or health promotion. The physical and mental health care needs of offenders in the criminal justice system have long been subject to calls for reform. Improving outcomes for this group is important both in terms of re-offending rates and successful rehabilitation. Offenders are subject to considerable health inequalities. They are much more likely to experience mental health problems or have a learning difficulty and are more likely to have problems with drugs and alcohol. Details: Hertfordshire, UK: Hertfordshire Probation Trust and National Health Service Hertfordshire, 2011. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 10, 2011 at: http://www.ohrn.nhs.uk/resource/policy/NeedsassessmentHertfordshireProbation.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.ohrn.nhs.uk/resource/policy/NeedsassessmentHertfordshireProbation.pdf Shelf Number: 121693 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseCommunity-based CorrectionsDrug Abuse TreatmentHealth CareMental Health ServicesProbationers (U.K.)RehabilitationSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality Title: Characteristics of Probation and Parole Admissions Aged 18 or Older Summary: I n 2008, approximately 4.3 million adults were on probation and nearly 1 million adults were on parole in the United States. Many of the criminal offenses committed by these probationers and parolees were related to substance abuse. As a condition of their probation or parole, some offenders are required to participate in community-based substance abuse treatment programs. Data from the Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) for 2008 indicate that the criminal justice system is the single largest source of referral to substance abuse treatment. Further, probation/parole treatment admissions represent the largest proportion of these criminal justice system referrals. Understanding the characteristics of admissions referred by the probation/parole system to substance abuse treatment may help inform treatment providers and other public health professionals as they work with this population. This report uses data from the TEDS for 2008 to examine the characteristics of substance abuse treatment admissions referred to treatment by the probation or parole system (hereafter referred to as “probation or parole admissions”). TEDS includes a Minimum Data Set collected by all States and a Supplemental Data Set collected by some States. “Detailed criminal justice referral” is a Supplemental Data Set item that classifies known criminal justice system referrals into the following subtypes: courts, probation/parole, DUI/DWI, other recognized legal entity, diversion program, prison, or other. Only data for the 32 States with a response rate of 75 percent or higher on this item were used in this analysis. In those States, among admissions 18 or older for which detailed information on their criminal justice referrawas available, 42.8 percent (203,700) were referred to treatment by the probation or parole system in 2008. Details: Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2011. 6p. Source: Internet Resource: TEDS Report: Accessed September 23, 2011 at: http://oas.samhsa.gov/2k11/231/231Parole2k11Web.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://oas.samhsa.gov/2k11/231/231Parole2k11Web.pdf Shelf Number: 122811 Keywords: ParoleParoleesProbation (U.S.)ProbationersSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Feucht, Thomas E. Title: Mental and Substance Use Disorders among Adult Men on Probation or Parole: Some Success against a Persistent Challenge Summary: This report presents data on mental and substance use disorders among adult males on correctional supervised release–parole or probation–from local, state and federal prisons and jails. It examines issues that have grown increasingly salient with the rising costs associated with managing the growing community- and facility-based criminal justice population. Methods. Data were drawn from two key sources: (1) the Department of Justice's Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) data collected from probation and parole agencies for year-end reports, and (2) the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). The NDSUH is an annual data set based on a national probability sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population, conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Changes over time in substance abuse and mental health measures among males aged 18 to 49 were studied by comparing 2009 estimates to estimates from each prior year (2002 to 2008). Estimates for probationers and parolees were compared with non-probationers and non-parolees based on several years of pooled NSDUH data. Results. The analysis reveals several significant findings. First, rates of substance dependence or abuse among probationers and parolees were found to be significantly lower than rates in prior years. Second, the percentage of parolees who reported receiving substance use treatment was significantly higher in 2009 than in 2005. Third, significantly lower percentages of probationers and parolees had an unmet need for substance use treatment in 2009 than in previous years. Overall, from 2002 to 2009, illegal drug use among people on probation and parole remained a persistent challenge, with rates of drug abuse and dependence remaining two to three times as high as rates among non-probationers and non- parolees. Similarly, rates of any mental illness, serious mental illness, serious psychological distress and depression during the past year were two to three times higher among probationers and parolees than among other respondents. The data also show a significant gap between need for treatment and the receipt of services. Probationers and parolees were more likely than others to have received some mental health services in the past year, but they were also more likely to report an unmet need for mental health services. In 2009, the percentages of probationers and parolees with mental disorders accessing services or reporting an unmet need for mental health services remained unchanged. Thus, while probationers and parolees report increasing access to substance use treatment and decreasing prevalence of substance abuse symptoms, important substance abuse/dependence and mental health problems persist. The mental health treatment gap among probationers and parolees has yet to be narrowed, let alone closed. These data have important implications for reducing the behavioral health treatment gap overall and for national efforts to improve effective community reentry for offenders with these disorders. Significant attention should be focused on the large numbers of adults on parole or probation who experience mental or substance use disorders, or both. Conclusions. The number of probationers and parolees with mental or substance use disorders whose treatment needs are not being met by community treatment and supportive services is significant. As a result, they are placed at greater risk for parole or probation failure leading to reincarceration. The findings suggest the ongoing need for broader implementation of effective treatment and reentry services for this high-risk, mostly nonviolent population, such as those provided under ongoing federal grant programs focused on reentering offenders. The ability to promote community reentry and reintegration for parolees and probationers with mental or substance use disorders requires a release plan that includes timely and readily accessible community-based treatment and appropriate support services. Details: Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2011. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 23, 2011 at: http://oas.samhsa.gov/2k11/NIJ_Data_Review/MentalDisorders.htm Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://oas.samhsa.gov/2k11/NIJ_Data_Review/MentalDisorders.htm Shelf Number: 122881 Keywords: Mental HealthParoleeParoleesProbationProbationersSubstance Abuse (U.S.)Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Butts, Jeffrey A. Title: Organizing for Outcomes: Measuring the Effects of Reclaiming Futures in Four Communities Summary: The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s (RWJF) Reclaiming Futures initiative was designed to increase positive outcomes for youth involved with drugs, alcohol and crime by shifting the efforts of the juvenile justice system and the substance abuse treatment system to incorporate strategies that are more community oriented, family focused, and closely coordinated. The Foundation launched Reclaiming Futures by awarding project grants to ten communities in 2002. In four of these communities, researchers tracked the efforts of local Reclaiming Futures projects as they worked to improve the effectiveness of interventions for young offenders. The four communities included Santa Cruz County in California, Cook County (Chicago) in Illinois, a multiple-jurisdiction project in the state of New Hampshire, and King County (Seattle), Washington. The four local evaluation projects assessed the influence of Reclaiming Futures on the actual experiences of youth involved in the juvenile justice and substance abuse treatment systems. The studies examined whether youth received substance abuse screening and assessment more often and more quickly after the implementation of Reclaiming Futures. They asked whether youth participated more frequently in treatment programs and received more support services as a result of Reclaiming Futures. Finally, they examined case processing and case referral patterns to determine whether Reclaiming Futures was associated with changes in youth behavior, as measured by recidivism, or the prevalence of new contacts with law enforcement and the courts. Details: Portland, OR: Reclaiming Futures, Graduate School of Social Work, Portland State University, 2009. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 22, 2011 at: http://www.rwjf.org/files/research/14831reclaimingfuturesorganizingforoutcomes2009.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.rwjf.org/files/research/14831reclaimingfuturesorganizingforoutcomes2009.pdf Shelf Number: 123086 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug Abuse and CrimeDrug Abuse TreatmentDrug OffendersJuveniles Offenders (U.S.)RecidivismSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Ferris, Melanie Title: Dodge-Fillmore-Olmsted Methamphetamine Treatment Project: July 2006-December 2007 evaluation report Summary: The Dodge-Fillmore-Olmsted Methamphetamine Treatment Project is a corrections-based treatment program comprised of three treatment components, a jail-based pre-treatment program and gender-specific outpatient treatment programs. This evaluation report describes the characteristics of the clients served through the program and changes in key outcomes for individuals who participated in the program over an 18-month period. Details: St. Paul, MN: Wilder Research, 2008. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 1, 2011 at: http://www.wilder.org/download.0.html?report=2081 Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.wilder.org/download.0.html?report=2081 Shelf Number: 123193 Keywords: Correctional ProgramsDrug Abuse TreatmentMethamphetamine AbuseSubstance Abuse TreatmentTreatment Programs |
Author: Mackin, Juliette R. Title: Montgomery County Adult Drug Court Program Outcome and Cost Evaluation Summary: The Montgomery County Adult Drug Court (MCADC) is located in Rockville, the county seat. The county has a population of 950,680, based on the 2008 Census estimate. The MCADC began serving participants in 2004. As of June 2009, 121 participants have been served. The MCADC serves nonviolent adult offenders with substance abuse problems in need of intensive treatment and monitoring services. The MCADC is a post-plea, postconviction program. Upon entry into the program, participants are placed on 2 to 3 years of probation, although once a participant successfully completes the program (on average after 18 months), her/his probation is terminated successfully. The program provides services aimed at rehabilitation, including substance abuse treatment provided by Maryland’s Department of Health and Human Services community-based substance abuse treatment programs. The MCADC program has three phases and takes a minimum of 16 months to complete. For the 76 drug court participants included in this study who had since exited the program, either successfully or unsuccessfully, the average number of days in the program was 512 (almost 17 months). Graduates spent an average of 525 days in the program (just over 17 months), whereas non-graduates spent an average of 487 days in the program (approximately 16 months). Throughout the program, participants attend drug court hearings evaluating their progress, supervision meetings with a case manager, and group and individual counseling sessions. The pro-gram requires that the individuals submit to drug testing, and uses incentives and sanctions to encourage positive behaviors. In order to graduate from the MCADC program, participants must satisfy program requirements for all three phases and complete an aftercare plan. In addition, they must meet all probation requirements, complete community service and other program assignments, have 9 months clean and sober, be recommended for graduation from the drug court team, and approved by the Judge. Three key policy questions of interest to program practitioners, researchers, and policymakers about drug courts were addressed in this study. 1. Do ADC Participants Reduce their Substance Abuse During Program Participation? 2. Do ADC Participants Have Reduced Re-Arrest Rates After Program Entry? 3. Does the ADC Result in Savings of Taxpayer Dollars? Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research, 2010. 53p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 19, 2011 at: http://www.npcresearch.com/Files/Montgomery_Circuit_Outcome_Cost_0110.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.npcresearch.com/Files/Montgomery_Circuit_Outcome_Cost_0110.pdf Shelf Number: 123399 Keywords: Cost-Benefit AnalysisDrug CourtsDrug OffendersDrug TreatmentProblem-Solving Courts (Maryland)RecidivismSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Malloch, Margaret Title: Interventions for Drug Users in the Criminal Justice System: Scottish Review Summary: The purpose of this review was to examine the available research evidence on criminal justice interventions in Scotland in terms of „effectiveness‟, (measured by rates of reconviction/reoffending, and reductions in drug use) and costs. The review also recognises the current policy emphasis on „recovery‟, which requires a wider acknowledgement of the possible mechanisms for measuring „success‟ and a wider vision for the process of recovery itself. The review was undertaken between August and November 2010. This review found that there are a number of difficulties in determining effectiveness in the area of drug interventions - sample numbers within evaluations are often small, the nature of interventions make it difficult to identify control groups and therefore to isolate factors making an impact or indeed, to measure the overall impact of the intervention itself; change often comes from a number of different factors; different methods are often used to measure different outcomes over different periods of time making it impossible to compare effectiveness across interventions. The existence of major gaps in the evidence base for drug interventions is acknowledged internationally. In spite of these limitations, some broad observations can be made from the evidence currently available and which has been considered as part of this review. The rationale for providing drug interventions through the criminal justice system is to fast-track individuals whose criminal activity is directly related to problem drug use into treatment. Evidence on treatment outcomes suggests that the benefit-cost ratio for structured interventions makes such intervention cost-effective (ranging from 2.5:1 to 9.5:1 depending on methods used) making drug treatment in general an economically viable option in terms of costs and benefits. Evidence from Scotland suggests that the total social and economic cost of illicit drug use is just under £3.56 billion (around £61,000 per problem drug user). Estimated costs of crime are reduced significantly for individuals in treatment (from £12,713 for individuals with no intervention in place; to £1,536 for those in treatment for more than one year). Reductions in re-offending appear to be consistent features of evaluations of interventions (where this outcome is available) along with reductions in drug use for individuals who engage with the interventions. Where re-offending continues, evidence suggests that there is a reduction in the rate of re-offending from levels of re-offending prior to the intervention. There is evidence to indicate that retention in treatment and a consequent „good‟ outcome is consistently predicted by the relationship between readiness for treatment and change, motivation and commitment, and the therapeutic relationship. There does not appear to be any significant difference in outcome between those who access treatment through the criminal justice system and those who access it voluntarily. While this highlights the viability of coerced treatment, it would equally suggest that diverting individuals into treatment may be as effective as intervening through the criminal justice system. In order to avoid „net-widening‟, it is important that intensive interventions are used for „high tariff‟ individuals and ensuring that community resources can be accessed outside the criminal justice system. Qualitative evidence, gathered from both professional respondents and service users, provides some positive elements from the Scottish evaluations of criminal justice interventions for drug users; however in terms of outcome and cost effectiveness, there is limited data from which conclusions of overall effectiveness can be drawn: There is currently no evidence to indicate that mandatory drug testing of arrestees provides any benefits, although it does provide some indication of the incidence of drug use among those tested and can provide a basis for directing individuals to appropriate services. Evaluations of arrest referral schemes are unable to provide evidence of benefits beyond the immediacy of the intervention, largely due to lack of evidence on longer-term outcomes including take-up of onward referrals. However, the recent evaluation of the arrest referral intervention for persistent offenders in Glasgow does provide some evidence of reductions in reconviction rates and benefits in terms of cost when individuals engage with services. Drug Treatment and Testing Orders (DTTOs) and Drug Courts are both associated with reductions in drug use and reoffending, with improved outcomes for those who complete Orders. Drug Courts appear to be slightly more successful in terms of reconviction rates than DTTOs. Evidence on the effectiveness of lower tariff DTTOs (DTTO IIs) is inconclusive, however international literature on the use of intensive interventions mitigates against the use of intensive interventions for individuals who are low tariff offenders. Combined residential and community-based interventions such as the 218 Centre and Turnaround have much to offer in promoting recovery, given the holistic nature of the intervention; however although cost data is available there is currently no corresponding data on rates of reoffending/reconviction with which to measure cost-effectiveness. While prison may be an effective point of intervention for some problem drug users, evidence from Scotland is limited, with no reconviction analysis of prison-based drug related interventions currently available. Levels of re-offending on release from prison appear to be directly related to the availability of aftercare provision. Details: Edinburgh: Scottish Centre for Crime & Justice Research, 2011. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report No. 05/2011: Accessed November 19, 2011 at: http://www.sccjr.ac.uk/documents/SCCJR%20REVIEW%20OF%20EFFECTIVENESS.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.sccjr.ac.uk/documents/SCCJR%20REVIEW%20OF%20EFFECTIVENESS.pdf Shelf Number: 123364 Keywords: Cost-Benefit AnalysisCosts of Criminal JusticeDrug Abuse and CrimeDrug Offenders (Scotland)Drug TreatmentSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Picard-Fritsche, Sarah Title: The Bronx Family Treatment Court2005-2010: Impact on Family Court Outcomes and Participant Experiences and Perceptions Summary: The Bronx Family Treatment Court (FTC) is one of more than 50 family treatment courts across New York State. The Bronx FTC structure is loosely based on the adult drug court model. The court orders respondent parents with a child neglect case and an underlying substance abuse treatment allegation to treatment. The court supervises the treatment process through regular judicial status hearings, drug testing, intensive case management, and graduated sanctions and rewards. FTC participation is voluntary but requires an admission of “responsible” to the child neglect allegations. Departing from most drug courts, the Bronx FTC divides its caseload among three dedicated judges, each of whom presides over approximately one-third of the cases. The current evaluation assessed the court by comparing outcomes of respondent children whose parents enrolled in the FTC with similar children whose parents did not enroll. In addition, based on structured interviews with FTC and non-FTC parents, we assessed the court’s impact on service experiences; perceptions of the judge, case managers, and court process; and drug use. To enrich the analysis, we also conducted staff and stakeholder interviews; a focus group with public defenders who represent the parents; and an analysis of FTC court administrative data. Details: New York: Center for Court Innovation, 2011. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 12, 2012 at: http://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/default/files/documents/Full_Bronx_FTC.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/default/files/documents/Full_Bronx_FTC.pdf Shelf Number: 123558 Keywords: Child Abuse and NeglectFamily Courts (New York)Problem-Solving CourtsSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Parsons, Jim Title: Closing the Gap: Using Criminal Justice and Public Health Data to Improve the Identification of Mental Summary: This report describes findings from the Vera Institute of Justice’s District of Columbia Forensic Health Project—a study of the mental health needs of people arrested in the District of Columbia designed to fill a gap in the available information on this high-need and underserved population. The project was developed by Vera’s Substance Use and Mental Health Program (SUMH) to provide criminal justice and health agencies with information to improve the delivery of mental health services to people involved in the criminal justice system in the District of Columbia (referred to as “DC” throughout this report). The identification and treatment of people with mental health needs who are involved with the criminal justice system is an ongoing priority in DC, as demonstrated by the establishment of the Criminal Justice Coordinating Council’s Substance Abuse Treatment and Mental Health Services Integration Taskforce (SATMHSIT) in 2006. The findings of this study support the strategic recommendations of the task force and the work of individual health and justice agencies by providing the most comprehensive quantitative assessment to date of the mental health needs of people arrested in DC. The study uses administrative data supplied by five government agencies to track criminal justice system involvement and markers of psychiatric need for a cohort of 2,874 people arrested by the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPD) during June 2008. In addition to the arrest data provided by MPD, the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia (CSOSA), the District of Columbia Department of Corrections (DOC), the District of Columbia Department of Mental Health (DMH) and the Pretrial Services Agency for the District of Columbia (PSA) provided client-specific data describing contacts with members of the study cohort between 2006 and 2011.1 This is the first time that records from these agencies have been combined into an aggregate dataset. Vera researchers calculated rates of mental illness based on the indicators of psychiatric need provided by each of the agencies (for example, formal diagnosis, or contact with specialized mental health supervision teams) for the study cohort. They sought to answer two basic questions: >>Which people arrested in DC have mental health needs? >>When this population comes into contact with local and relevant federal criminal justice agencies, do these agencies recognize their mental health needs?2 The research had three goals: to inform ongoing initiatives in DC seeking to improve access to treatment services; to support the design of new policies and programs; and to provide a baseline against which to measure the effectiveness of new initiatives. The key study findings include: >>About 33 percent of adult DC residents arrested during June 2008 had some indication of mental health need in partner agency records between 2006 and 2011. >>Many of those arrested with mental health needs were not known to community mental health care providers. Most of the cohort members who had mental health needs (83 percent) were known to at least one criminal justice agency as having such a need between 2006 and 2011. Yet the Department of Mental Health knew about only 59 percent of the cohort members who had mental health needs during that same period. 3 >>Criminal justice agencies often failed to identify the mental health needs of the people that they encountered. Six hundred sixty-six cohort members with mental health needs came into contact with probation, pretrial services, or the jail as a result of the June 2008 arrest; however, almost half (46 percent) of this group was not identified as having a mental health need by any of the agencies during those contacts. >>Thirty-three percent of the cohort members known to the Department of Mental Health as having a psychotic spectrum disorder or bipolar disorder were not identified by any of the criminal justice agencies; rates of identification of mental health need by the criminal justice agencies were even lower for people with other diagnoses, such as depression and anxiety disorders. The report concludes with a series of recommendations aimed at increasing rates of identification of mental health problems by DMH and criminal justice agencies in DC. Details: New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2012. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 27, 2012 at: http://www.vera.org/download?file=3544/closing-the-gap-report.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.vera.org/download?file=3544/closing-the-gap-report.pdf Shelf Number: 125791 Keywords: Drug OffendersMental Health ServicesMentally Ill Offenders (U.S.)Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Adams, Christine M. Shea Title: Colorado Division of Criminal Justice Evaluation of the Colorado Short Term Intensive Residential Remediation Treatment (STIRRT) Programs Summary: The Short Term Intensive Residential (STIRRT) program is intended to provide 14 days of residential substance abuse treatment designed to stabilize an individual and then provide outpatient, community-based services for six to nine months following discharge from the residential component. The program is offered at one of four Colorado locations: Arapahoe House (Denver), Crossroads Turning Point (Pueblo), Mesa County Community Corrections (Grand Junction), and Larimer County Community Corrections (Fort Collins). The program is considered a “last chance” for offenders who would otherwise go to prison. Those eligible include those referred by probation, parole, Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime (TASC), Denver Drug Court, and community corrections. This evaluation includes 1,324 individuals who participated in the STIRRT program between January 1, 2008 and June 30, 2009. FINDINGS • Most participants (91%) successfully completed the 14-day residential component of STIRRT. • Less than half (42.3%) of successful STIRRT discharges participated in the continuing care component of the program. • Recidivism, measured as new county or district court filing within 12 months of discharge from residential treatment, was approximately 25% regardless of participation in continuing care. This analysis included 296 individuals who participated in continuing care and were at risk of recidivating for 12 months. o In comparison, in FY 2008, 63.7% of community corrections clients (diversion and transition combine) successfully completed the program and 14.6% recidivated within 12 months. Details: Denver, CO: Office of Research and Statistics, Division of Criminal Justice, Colorado Department of Public Safety, 2010. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 4, 2012 at: http://cospl.coalliance.org/fedora/repository/co:8588/ps722r312010internet.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://cospl.coalliance.org/fedora/repository/co:8588/ps722r312010internet.pdf Shelf Number: 126232 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationDrug OffendersRehabilitationResidential Treatment ProgramsSubstance Abuse (Colorado)Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Prendergast, Michael L. Title: Evaluation of the 2,000-Bed Expansion of Therapeutic Community Programs for Prisoners - Final Report Summary: The purpose of this report is to summarize the results of the UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs' (ISAP) evaluation of the California Department of Corrections (CDC) 2,000-bed therapeutic community (TC) substance abuse programs (SAPs) for prisoners (Contract Number C98,346). The report includes: the 12-month return-to-custody rates for all the 2,000-bed programs; the 6-month and 12-month return-to-custody rates for the SAP participants at four outcome study sites and the no-treatment comparison groups; the 6-month return-to-custody rates for the SAP-only participants at the four outcome study sites compared with those who went on to participate in aftercare treatment. Details: Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Program, 2004. 26p. Source: Library Resource: Accessed October 22, 2012 at Don M. Gottfredson Library of Criminal Justice, Rutgers Newark Year: 2004 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 126766 Keywords: AftercareResidential Treatment CentersSubstance AbuseSubstance Abuse TreatmentTherapeutic Communities (TC) |
Author: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drugs Addiction (EMCDDA) Title: Drug Prevention Interventions Targeting Minority Ethnic Populations: Issues Raised by 33 Case Studies Summary: This Thematic paper contains the results of a study that examined drug prevention interventions for minority ethnic populations in 29 European countries. A total of 33 interventions were reported to the study and the issues they raise are presented and discussed in the paper. The results will inform the EMCDDA’s plans for 2013–15 in terms of monitoring drug prevention interventions particularly in three areas: data collection, design and quality, and the dissemination of knowledge. Details: Lisbon: EMCDDA, 2013. 115p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 3, 2013 at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_197631_EN_TDXA13001ENN.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Europe URL: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_197631_EN_TDXA13001ENN.pdf Shelf Number: 128611 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug Abuse PreventionDrug Abuse TreatmentDrug Policy (Europe)Minority GroupsSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: DrugScope Title: Making the Connection: Developing integrated approaches to domestic violence and substance misuse Summary: LDAN/DrugScope’s Domestic Violence project, funded by London Councils, took place over a four-year period, and focused on the development of a cross-sectoral network bringing together domestic violence and drug and alcohol services. As statistics set out in this briefing indicate, there are clear – though complex – links between domestic violence and substance misuse. However, services have not always worked effectively to address these links. The project aimed to tackle this gap, and to improve the quality of service provision for those affected by domestic violence and substance misuse, by bringing the two sectors together to discuss issues of common interest, provide practical information and support, and facilitate collaboration and partnership. At the heart of the project was an overall objective of supporting organisations to achieve a reduction in the impact and occurrence of domestic violence, abuse and repeat victimisation. Details: London: DrugScope, 2013. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 1, 2013 at: http://www.drugscope.org.uk/Resources/Drugscope/Documents/PDF/Policy/DVReport.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.drugscope.org.uk/Resources/Drugscope/Documents/PDF/Policy/DVReport.pdf Shelf Number: 128895 Keywords: Domestic Violence (U.K.)Drug Abuse and CrimeSubstance Abuse TreatmentViolence Against Women |
Author: Reichert, Jessica Title: Community Reentry after Prison Drug Treatment: Learning from Sheridan Therapeutic Community Program participants Summary: The Sheridan Correctional Center National Model Drug Prison and Reentry Program is a drug treatment program providing in-prison substance abuse treatment as well as substance abuse treatment upon release. Prior research has shown reductions in recidivism among Sheridan participants compared to other prisoners. This study examined a group of 50 re-incarcerated men who successfully completed the in-prison phase of the Sheridan program and what led to their re-incarceration. Among this sample, positive findings about the Sheridan program and its participants include: • Sixty-two percent stated they were Very engaged in the Sheridan program. • Slightly more than half (60 percent) felt Sheridan prepared them for success after release. • Over three-fourths (76 percent) indicated they had a job at some point after graduating Sheridan and before their re-incarceration. • A majority (84 percent) reported having little difficulty in finding housing. • Most (86 percent) said Sheridan helped them more than a traditional prison. Other notable findings include: • On average, Sheridan graduates in this study spent 738 days (about two years) in the community before returning to IDOC. The range was 40 to 2,096 days (over five-and-a-half years). • A majority of the men in our sample (90 percent) relapsed into drug or alcohol use after their release from Sheridan. • Slightly more than half (56 percent) of the sample reported they had illegal sources of income. • Sixty-eight 68 percent stated drug dealing was common in the neighborhood they lived in after release. This study found many factors associated with length of time to relapse to drug or alcohol use and recidivism (self-reported criminal activity or re-incarceration) including: • Younger participants engaged in criminal activity and relapsed sooner than older participants. Younger participants also reported being less engaged in the Sheridan program than older participants. • After prison, those who returned to their original neighborhood relapsed sooner than those who did not return to their original neighborhood. • Unemployed participants engaged in criminal activity sooner than employed participants. • Those living in neighborhoods that were perceived as unsafe and/or where drug dealing was common relapsed sooner than those living in safer, lower-risk neighborhoods. • Those who reported spending time with persons who engage in risky activities—substance use and/or criminal activity—relapsed sooner than those who did not spend time with persons engaging in risky activities. • Those with gang involvement engaged in criminal activity and relapsed sooner. • Those who did not complete aftercare engaged in criminal activity and relapsed sooner than those who did complete aftercare. Details: Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 2013. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 4, 2013 at: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/pdf/researchreports/reentry_sheridan_report_012012.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/pdf/researchreports/reentry_sheridan_report_012012.pdf Shelf Number: 128958 Keywords: Drug Abuse TreatmentDrug OffendersPrisoner Reentry (Illinois, U.S.)RecidivismRehabilitationSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Van Stelle, Kit R. Title: Treatment Alternatives and Diversion (TAD) Program: Advancing Effective Diversion in Wisconsin. 2007-2010 Evaluation Report Summary: In 2005, Wisconsin Act 25 (SECTION 90m. 16.964) authorized “grants to counties to enable them to establish and operate programs, including suspended and deferred prosecution programs and programs based on principles of restorative justice, that provide alternatives to prosecution and incarceration for criminal offenders who abuse alcohol or other drugs.” These programs are designed to target non-violent offenders where a violent offender is defined as “a person to whom one of the following applies”: 1. The person has been charged with or convicted of an offense in a pending case and, during the course of the offense, the person carried, possessed, or used a dangerous weapon, the person used force against another person, or a person died or suffered serious bodily harm. 2. The person has one or more prior convictions for a felony involving the use or attempted use of force against another person with the intent to cause death or serious bodily harm. (Section 90m. 16.964 (12)). The goals of the TAD program are to “…promote public safety, reduce prison and jail populations, reduce prosecution and incarceration costs, reduce recidivism, and improve the welfare of participants’ families...”. This evaluation report documents the implementation of the TAD program in seven sites in Wisconsin and examines the individual outcomes of offenders who participated in the TAD projects between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2010. 150p. Details: Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute, 2011. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 26, 2013 at: http://uwphi.pophealth.wisc.edu/about/staff/van-stelle-kit/tad-2011-evaluation-report-full-report.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://uwphi.pophealth.wisc.edu/about/staff/van-stelle-kit/tad-2011-evaluation-report-full-report.pdf Shelf Number: 129185 Keywords: Alternatives to Incarceration (U.S.)Drug Abuse TreatmentDrug OffendersDrug Treatment CourtsProblem-Solving CourtsSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Legal Action Center Title: Legality of Denying Access to Medication Assisted Treatment In the Criminal Justice System Summary: This report examines the prevalence of opiate addiction in the criminal justice system, its devastating consequences, and the widespread denial of access to one of its most effective forms of treatment: medication assisted treatment (“MAT”). The report then analyzes the circumstances in which the denial of MAT violates Federal anti-discrimination laws and the United States Constitution. Details: New York: Legal Action Center, 2011. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 9, 2013 at: http://www.lac.org/doc_library/lac/publications/MAT_Report_FINAL_12-1-2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.lac.org/doc_library/lac/publications/MAT_Report_FINAL_12-1-2011.pdf Shelf Number: 129337 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug Abuse TreatmentMedical CareSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Hickert, Audrey O. Title: Evaluation of Oxbow and Re-Entry: Final Follow-up Report Summary: The Salt Lake County Division of Criminal Justice Services (CJS) asked UCJC to evaluate the CATS drug treatment program at Oxbow and Re-entry services through Criminal Justice Services (CJS). The Oxbow Jail, which re-opened in July 2009, provides a “therapeutic campus” to expand education and rehabilitation programs to minimum security inmates requiring substance abuse treatment (CATS). The Oxbow portion of this evaluation examines whether or not offenders who receive substance abuse treatment while being housed in the therapeutic community at Oxbow have different outcomes than those who receive substance abuse treatment while being housed at the Adult Detention Center (ADC), after controlling for individual differences. The second portion of this evaluation examines CATS inmates who receive re-entry services from a team at CJS. Details: Salt Lake City: University of Utah, Utah Criminal Justice Center, 2012. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 5, 2013 at: http://ucjc.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/Oxbow_FinalReport_061912.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://ucjc.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/Oxbow_FinalReport_061912.pdf Shelf Number: 129529 Keywords: Correctional Treatment ProgramsDrug Offenders (Utah, U.S.)Prisoner ReentryPrisoner RehabilitationSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Mosher, Clayton C. Title: Final Report on the Program Evaluation of the Pine Lodge Pre-release Residential Therapeutic Community for Women Offenders in Washington State Summary: This research report describes the purpose, methods, results, and implications of an evaluation of the Pine Lodge Pre-Release Therapeutic Community for Women Offenders in Washington State. Funded by the National Institute of Justice as part of its research initiative for local evaluations of prison-based residential substance abuse treatment programs, this evaluation focuses on: (1) factors that affect successful completion of the program; and (2) outcomes, i.e., recidivism, for Pine Lodge participants as compared with a matched control group. Our approach was to supplement primary, qualitative data derived from extensive on-site observations with secondary, quantitative data culled from periodic reports from the facility and the Washington State Department of Corrections. In that regard, this evaluation not only represents a departure from, but also is unique among, evaluations of therapeutic communities reported in the professional literature. We are able to describe (what we believe to be) important insights into the external pressures on the Pine Lodge therapeutic community, the internal dynamics and daily rhythms of the program, and the specific challenges faced by both inmates and staff in the program-insights that are not forthcoming from a reading of secondary program data alone. The operative word in our evaluation study is "change." Despite impressions from the extant literature that prison treatment programs in general, and therapeutic communities in particular, are static entities, our research indicates that they are highly dynamic and ever-changing. In ways both substantive and semantic, the Pine Lodge Pre-Release substance abuse treatment program was not the same entity from the beginning of our study in 1997 to its conclusion in the Summer of 2001. While the therapeutic community experienced "growing pains" in its first few years of operation that led to comparatively low completion rates, recent changes to the program are having a positive impact on completion. Further, women who participated in the Pine Lodge program, when compared with a matched control group, are less likely to be convicted of a new offense upon release. Most important, women who successfully completed the treatment program are the least likely to be convicted of a new offense after release. Overall, "New Horizons" is a prison-based residential substance abuse treatment program that is: Jadmitting, reaching, and servicing its targeted population; conforming to widely-accepted principles of chemical dependency therapy; being delivered by well-trained, highly dedicated professionals; operating at an .appropriate capacity with an effective client-staff ratio; exhibiting the essential characteristics of a therapeutic community; graduating reasonable numbers of participants; and exerting a long-term, positive influence on offenders who complete the program. Specific highlights of our findings, inferences, and recommendations regarding the Pine Lodge "New Horizons" program are itemized. Details: Pullman, WA: Washington State University, 2001. 132p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 31, 2014 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/196670.pdf Year: 2001 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/196670.pdf Shelf Number: 131822 Keywords: Drug Abuse TreatmentDrug OffendersFemale OffendersOffender TreatmentPrisonersSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: DrugScope Title: State of the Sector 2013 Summary: The report, State of the Sector 2013 (1), contains the findings from a survey of nearly 170 drug and alcohol services, from across England's four Public Health England regions. It finds the drug and alcohol sector in a period of flux and facing a number of challenges: - Respondents highlighted significant problems in their ability to offer clients support to improve recovery capital, particularly employment, housing and mental and physical wellbeing; - The picture on engagement with Health and Wellbeing Boards (HWBs) and Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) is mixed, with positive examples, but other services reporting a lack of engagement; - 35 per cent of drug and alcohol services surveyed reported a decrease in funding, against 20 per cent reporting an increase and 33 per cent no change; - Just over half reported a large increase in caseloads in the last year, against 27 per cent reporting a decrease; - Almost half reported that they were employing fewer frontline staff and 6 out of 10 services reported an increase in the use of volunteers. The research comprised an online survey, a series of regional summits and telephone interviews with chief executives of treatment providers. It was carried out in the autumn of 2013, nearing the end of a pivotal year for drug and alcohol services in which many funding and commissioning structures were replaced with new and in some cases substantially different organisations. It is intended that further research will be carried out in 2014 to investigate how services are coping with these changes, using these findings as a baseline. Details: London: DrugScope, 2014. 96p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 19, 2014 at: http://www.drugscope.org.uk/Resources/Drugscope/Documents/PDF/Policy/SOS2013_Main.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.drugscope.org.uk/Resources/Drugscope/Documents/PDF/Policy/SOS2013_Main.pdf Shelf Number: 132076 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseDrug Abuse and AddictionDrug TreatmentSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Powis, Beverly Title: Drug Recovery Wings Set Up, Delivery and Lessons Learned: Process Study of First Tranche DRW Pilot Sites Summary: Drug Recovery Wings (DRWs) were launched in five adult prisons in June 2011. Their core aims were to: - Target those serving short sentences of three to twelve months and who are dependent on drugs/alcohol (including problematic use); - Offer a route out of dependency for those who are motivated to change but need intensive support whilst in the initial stages of their recovery; - Increase the number of short sentenced offenders participating in recovery-focused interventions whilst in custody; and - Improve continuity of care, support and treatment between prisons and the community. The National Offender Management Service (NOMS) Interventions Unit carried out a process study to describe the defining characteristics of the regime at each pilot site and explore the challenges and lessons that can be learned from setting up a DRW pilot project. The research fieldwork took place between November 2011 and June 2012. The report therefore recognises that the pilots were still at varying stages of implementation and that this study does not reflect the full scale of progress made to date or the range of services that may now be available across pilot sites since fieldwork was undertaken. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with members of staff and wing participants. These included DRW staff (thirty-six), organisations working in partnership with NOMS both in the prison itself and in the community on release (twelve), staff from the wider establishment (sixteen), current participants of the DRW (forty-four) and those who did not start or complete their stay on the wing (seven). In addition, documentation produced by the wings was obtained and analysed. The study described the regime at each establishment at the time of the fieldwork. All the wings were found to be operating well. They were successfully delivering varied, recovery-focused interventions and had established links to services in the community which provided continuity of care upon release. Staff from the wings, wider establishment and partnership organisations generally spoke positively about the drug recovery regimes. In addition, nearly all the DRW participants interviewed reported a positive change in their attitudes and behaviour from their involvement with the wing. Details: London: National Offender Management Services, Ministry of Justice, 2014. 94p. Source: Internet Resource: Ministry of Justice Analytical Series: Accessed April 19, 2014 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/286040/Drug-recovery-wings-process-study.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/286040/Drug-recovery-wings-process-study.pdf Shelf Number: 132078 Keywords: Drug Abuse TreatmentInmatesPrisonersSubstance Abuse TreatmentTreatment Programs |
Author: Machin, Juliette R. Title: Marion County Fostering Attachment Treatment Court Follow-Up Process and Outcome Evaluation Report Summary: For the past 20 years in the United States, there has been a trend toward guiding nonviolent drug offenders into treatment rather than incarceration. The original drug court model links the resources of the criminal system and substance treatment programs to increase treatment participation and decrease criminal recidivism. As of June 30, 2012, there were 2,734 drug courts, including 1,896 adult and juvenile drug courts, 334 family courts, and 503 other types of drug courts active in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands (NDCRC, 2013). Over approximately the last 17 years, the drug court model, originally developed for adult criminal offenders, has been expanded to address the poor outcomes substance-abusing parents traditionally experienced in traditional family reunification programs (Marlowe & Carey, 2012). Family Drug Treatment Courts (FDCs) work with the child welfare system. There have been a modest number studies of FDCs (e.g., Burrus, Mackin, & Finigan, 2011; Green, Furrer, Worcel, Burrus, & Finigan, 2007; Carey, Sanders, Waller, Burrus, & Aborn, 2010a, 2010b). Many of these studies show promising outcomes for families in the child welfare system, including higher treatment completion rates, higher family reunification rates, less time in out-of-home placements for the children, and lower arrest rates (Marlowe & Carey, 2012). In late 2008, NPC Research was contracted by the Oregon State Police and the Criminal Justice Commission to conduct the third year evaluations of 11 drug courts funded by the Byrne Methamphetamine Reduction Grant Project. NPC conducted Drug Court Process Foundations evaluations of 11 Oregon adult and family drug court sites (examining the programs' adherence to best practices within the 10 Key Components, with adjustments for the special family drug court population of parents with child welfare cases). In addition, as a part of this project, NPC performed full process, outcome and cost-benefit evaluations of two family drug court sites, the Marion and Jackson County Family Drug Court Programs. This study is a follow-up to that evaluation of the Marion County program. This summary contains process and outcome evaluation results for the Marion County Fostering Attachment Family Treatment Court (FATC). Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research, 2013. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2014 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/244165.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/244165.pdf Shelf Number: 132121 Keywords: Drug Abuse TreatmentDrug CourtsDrug OffendersProblem-Solving CourtsSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Inter-American Commission of Women Title: Women and Drugs in the Americas: A Policy Working Paper Summary: During the sixth summit of the Americas (April 2012, Cartagena), leaders of various countries of the Americas issued a mandate to the Organization of American States (OAS) to analyze current drug policies and explore new approaches, with a view to developing viable alternatives that would effectively regulate the production, trade, and consumption of drugs of illicit substances while alleviating the violence and harm associated with current approaches to this issue. Since then, the hemispheric response to the "World Drug Problem" has been a changing landscape, and many more leaders have since called for reform of international and national-level drug policies to include more effective and humane alternatives to dealing with this global crisis. Previous measures to suppress drug production and consumption have been extreme, and have often proved ineffective. Methods such as aerial fumigation to suppress cultivation or mass incarceration as a response to drug consumption and small scale trafficking, have taken governments and societies further away from their original objective of preventing drug misuse and guaranteeing universal access to health and treatment for addiction, as set out in the 1961 convention on narcotic drugs. These first UN conventions of 1961 and 1971, prepared primarily from a punitive and prohibitionist perspective, created and sustained a 'War on Drugs' mentality. The 'War on Drugs' - a rhetorical device coined under former US President Nixon's leadership - has been progressively abandoned by the majority of States in the region (including the United States), who now recognize a need for drug policy reform and a more realistic, evidence-based approach to the changing and growing phenomenon of illicit drugs and their related issues. This paradigm shift has generated a number of alternative proposals and responses to the complex issue of drugs, including the promotion of a public health approach that favours treatment instead of incarceration, the safeguarding of human rights, and the endorsement of human rights-based and harm-reduction strategies to address the violence inherent in the trafficking of illicit substances, as well as the stigma attached to their use. At the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in September 2013, Colombia, Mexico, and Guatemala, among other States, spoke of the urgent need to explore alternatives to the "War on Drugs." Uruguay presented a proposal to create the world's first national, non-medical, regulated market for cannabis. This bill has since been signed into law, the regulation for which is currently being designed and is expected to take effect later this year. Uruguay's non-punitive response to drug use comes at a time when many transit countries, including Guatemala, have experienced a gradual shift in attitudes and approaches around mitigating the harms of the drugs trade on their local communities. In transit countries, the negative effects of the illicit drugs industry on human and economic development are most keenly felt, and exacerbated by punitive policies that tend to affect vulnerable members of society who might participate in the drug trade due to financial crises and coercion at the lower level of the commercialization ladder. Claims by the media, paired with the scarce data available suggest that in the last two decades, the participation of women in the trade of illicit drugs has increased significantly. Nevertheless, while this participation is visible in the news, it has been largely absent from the research and other activities of most governmental and inter-governmental bodies. In general, we know relatively little about the people that participate in the question of illicit drugs - be they men or women. As usually happens in other areas, we understand even less about women's participation and we tend to interpret it through assumptions and stereotypes that on the one hand, complicate an adequate understanding of the social, economic, and cultural factors that determine this participation and, on the other hand, produce negative effects for women in terms of increased social stigmatization of their participation. Details: Washington, DC: Inter-American Commission of Women, 2014. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Working Paper: Accessed May 3, 2014 at: http://www.oas.org/en/cim/docs/WomenDrugsAmericas-EN.pdf Year: 2014 Country: South America URL: http://www.oas.org/en/cim/docs/WomenDrugsAmericas-EN.pdf Shelf Number: 132203 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug Policy ReformFemale Drug OffendersSubstance Abuse TreatmentWar on Drugs |
Author: Drummond, Anne Title: Study on the Prevalence of Drug Use, Including Intravenous Drug Use, and Blood-Borne Viruses among the Irish Prisoner Population Summary: Accurate up-to-date data on the extent of drug use and the prevalence of blood-borne viruses among the prisoner population are a necessary pre-requisite for health and social service planning and policy development. The most recent national study assessing the prevalence of blood-borne viruses, along with self-reported drug use within Irish prisons (Allwright et al., 1999), was carried out over a decade ago. This study was commissioned by the National Advisory Committee on Drugs (NACD) in 2010 with the following objectives: to describe the nature, extent and pattern of consumption for different drugs among the prisoner population; to describe methods of drug use, including intravenous drug use, among the prisoner population; to estimate the prevalence of blood-borne viruses among the prisoner population and to identify associated risk behaviours; and to measure the uptake of individual drug treatment and harm reduction interventions (including hepatitis B vaccination) in prison. Methods An observational cross-sectional study, targeting all prisons and prisoners in Ireland, was carried out in early 2011. Prisoners were selected at random in proportion to the population in each prison. A detailed, validated and piloted self-completion questionnaire was administered to prisoners under the supervision of the research team. Oral fluid samples were taken for assessment of drugs of abuse and blood-borne viruses. Overall 824 prisoners participated, with a final response rate of 49.5%. Results Results reveal lifetime, last year and last month prevalence rates for drug use that greatly exceed those of the general population but which are broadly consistent with findings from prison studies internationally. For example, lifetime cannabis use among all prisoners was 87%, last year use was 69% and last month use was 43%. Likewise, lifetime heroin use was 43%, last year use was 30% and last month use was 11%. Women were significantly more likely to use drugs, including injecting drugs. Despite there being a high prevalence (26%) of ever injecting drugs among prisoners, last month injecting prevalence was low (2%). Prevalence of HIV was 2%. Prevalence rates for hepatitis C (13%) and hepatitis B (0.3%) were lower than expected. By far the most important factors associated with blood-borne viruses in this prison population were ever having used drugs IV and ever having shared IV drug equipment. Older age and having had a tattoo done in prison were associated with hepatitis C. Female prisoners were at greater risk of having hepatitis C and HIV and male-to-male sexual contact was confirmed as a risk factor for HIV. The need for drug treatment and harm reduction services was identified in different prison categories, with a pattern of very high uptake of services when they are available. Summary This study confirms that drug use, including injecting drug use, is a significant problem among prisoners in Ireland and suggests that drug-related factors are important in the acquisition of blood-borne viruses. The findings also show that prisoners who need services, such as the range of addiction services and detoxification, are very willing to use them when they are available. 'In-prison' uptake of testing and vaccination services confirms that prisons are appropriate settings for the provision of preventive, diagnostic and treatment services for drug users. It is hoped that the evidence provided in this study will facilitate service and policy development in this important area. Details: Dublin: National Advisory Committee on Drugs and Alcohol, 2014. 126p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 3, 2014 at: http://www.nacd.ie/images/stories/docs/press/Full-Drug-use-among-Irish-prisoner-population.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Ireland URL: http://www.nacd.ie/images/stories/docs/press/Full-Drug-use-among-Irish-prisoner-population.pdf Shelf Number: 132207 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug OffendersHealth CarePrisoners (Ireland)Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Iowa Department of Corrections Title: Substance Abuse, Report to the Board of Corrections, 2006 Summary: Twenty years ago, about 2% of Iowa's prison population was serving time for a drug-related offense. As documented in these pages, drug offenders now make up about 27% of the prison population. Sentencing changes in the 1980's resulted in an increased likelihood of sentences to prison for drug offenses, as well as an increase in average length of stay. Increased resources for law enforcement, such as formation of the Division of Narcotics Enforcement and funding for multi-jurisdictional drug law enforcement task forces, has also contributed to the increase in drug offenders within the corrections system. In the 1980's, cocaine and crack cocaine was a prominent problem; today it is methamphetamines.4 Drug crimes are the most common commitment offense among newly admitted prisoners, increasing from 316 admissions in FY1995, to 1,057 in FY2005. This report begins with current information on the prevalence of offenders convicted of alcohol- and drug-related crimes within Iowa's community-based corrections and prison populations. Substance abuse, however, is a common issue among the entire corrections population, no matter the convicting offense. National offender surveys conducted in the past have found nearly 70% of probationers and over 80% of state prisoners reported past drug use. Drug and alcohol abuse among offenders is more common than for the general population. For example, about 16% of Iowans age 18 to 25, and 4% of Iowans age 26 or older, reported using illicit drugs in the past month. This report documents a much more widespread problem for Iowa's adult offender population. This report, however, goes beyond documentation of the problem. It describes how the Iowa Department of Corrections is addressing substance abuse among the offender population through the provision of treatment, and monitoring for current drug and alcohol usage. All information was obtained from the Iowa Corrections Offender Network (ICON) with many of the reports obtained via the Iowa Justice Data Warehouse. Details: Des Moines, IA: Iowa Department of Corrections, 2006. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 14, 2014 at: http://publications.iowa.gov/13047/1/BOCSubstanceAbuseReport.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://publications.iowa.gov/13047/1/BOCSubstanceAbuseReport.pdf Shelf Number: 102599 Keywords: Alcohol Abuse and CrimeDrug Abuse and CrimeDrug Law EnforcementDrug Offenders (Iowa)PrisonersSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc. Title: Evaluation of Maine's Family Treatment Drug Courts: A Preliminary Analysis of Short and Long-term Outcomes Summary: The high correlation between child maltreatment and the abuse of drugs and alcohol among parents or other caregivers is well documented. Indeed, parental substance abuse is one of the major reasons why children are removed from their homes and placed into protective custody. Today, it is estimated that nearly eighty percent of all substantiated child abuse and neglect cases involve parental substance abuse. Many parents with substance abuse problems never regain custody of their children. This is due in large part to the fact that these caregivers are significantly less likely to enter into or complete court ordered treatment services. Pervasive among this population are other issues that hamper reunification efforts including inadequate or unstable housing, mental illness, transportation issues and unemployment, to name a few. Family drug courts were developed as a means to respond to the complex problems posed by substance abuse among parents involved in the child welfare system. Through a combination of intensive judicial oversight, case management supervision, drug testing and dedicated treatment and protective custody caseworker assignments, the family drug court represents a nexus between the court, child welfare and substance abuse treatment systems. The overarching goal of the family drug court is to protect the safety and welfare of the child while providing parents the opportunity to enter into treatment and learn the skills they need to become healthy, responsible caregivers. Nationally, there are approximately 200 family drug courts in operation in 43 states across the country. The first family drug court program in Maine became operational in October, 2002. Today, there are three family drug courts currently in operation with locations in Belfast, Augusta and Lewiston. As of January 1, 2007, thirteen parents have successfully completed these programs and graduated, forty-one have been expelled and twenty-three are currently active participants in Maine's family drug court programs. Preliminary findings from a recently released national study suggest several promising outcomes for family drug court programs. The current study contributes to the ongoing discussion about the effectiveness of these programs and how well they operate in Maine. Overall findings in this report are consistent with those reported elsewhere, indicating that Maine's family drug court programs are also generating important outcomes across a variety of key measures. Key findings of this report include the following: - Seven drug-free babies were born to mothers participating in the drug court program. - Family drug court participants are significantly more likely than other parents with substance abuse problems in having greater child welfare system and criminal justice system involvement. - Families in drug court are more likely to receive treatment and adjunctive services such as child care. - Family drug court participants are significantly more likely to enter into and subsequently complete treatment. - Children of family drug court participants have significantly fewer placement changes and spent less time in foster care. - Once returned to the home, children of family drug court participants are less likely to experience a subsequent removal from the home. - Significant predictors of successful parent-child reunification relate to caregiver mental health, relative foster care setting, treatment completion and days out-of-home placement. - Among cases involving a TPR, children of family drug court participants were more likely to be adopted. - Savings generated from the family drug court program result from differences in the types of foster care settings utilized as well as fewer days in foster care. - The likelihood of even greater cost-savings will result in more families being enrolled in the family drug court with expanded capacity. Details: Portland, ME: Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc., 2007. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 14, 2014 at: http://www.courts.state.me.us/maine_courts/drug/Statewide%20FTDC%20Evaluation%202007.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: http://www.courts.state.me.us/maine_courts/drug/Statewide%20FTDC%20Evaluation%202007.pdf Shelf Number: 102595 Keywords: Child Abuse and NeglectDrug OffendersFamily Drug Courts (Maine)Problem Solving CourtsSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Lamb, Kathleen Title: Recovery Services Evaluation Report: An Assessment of Program Completion Rates, and the Relationship Between Program Completion Status and Recidivism. 2009-2012 Period Summary: Existing literature suggests there is a strong relationship between participation in prison-based substance abuse programming and reduced recidivism. One way in which Ohio's offender population participates in substance abuse treatment is through participation in the intensive outpatient treatment program, which is the focus of this evaluation. This is a three-phase program consisting of the Treatment Readiness Phase, the Intensive Outpatient Phase, and the Recovery Maintenance phase. All phases are grounded in cognitive-behavioral therapy, aiming to change inmate thinking patterns. Prior research has demonstrated that intensive outpatient programs are a cost-effective way to reduce recidivism upon release from prison, although they are most useful when accompanied by supplemental programming (community-based aftercare). The present study has two major goals. The first is to assess completion rates (both successful completers as well as unsuccessful discharges) of offenders participating in intensive outpatient substance abuse treatment programs in Ohio prisons during the period from 2009 to 2012. The second is to establish whether there is a significant relationship between program completion status and recidivism one year after release. This work builds on prior evaluations of Recovery Services substance abuse programs by evaluating a more recent time frame, during which data quality substantially improved over prior periods, and incorporating statistical analyses at both the bivariate level and multivariate level. The multivariate findings assess the relationship between completion and recidivism while holding numerous other inmate characteristics constant. Details: Columbus, OH: Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction, 2013. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 17, 2014 at: http://www.drc.ohio.gov/web/Reports/RS_Evaluation_Dec2013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.drc.ohio.gov/web/Reports/RS_Evaluation_Dec2013.pdf Shelf Number: 132394 Keywords: Community-Based AftercareCorrectional ProgramsDrug Abuse TreatmentDrug OffendersRecidivismSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Youngers, Coletta A. Title: In Search of Rights: Drug Users and Government Responses in Latin America Summary: This report presents the results of the most recent study by the Research Consortium on Drugs and the Law (Colectivo de Estudios Drogas y Derecho, CEDD). The study, entitled "In Search of Rights: Drug Users and State Responses in Latin America" analyzes States-- responses to the consumption of illicitly used drugs, focusing on two key areas; Criminal justice responses and health responses; Vin eight Latin American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay. An international consensus appears to be emerging that drug use is not a criminal matter, but a health issue. Nevertheless, as shown by the country investigations that are part of this study, Latin American government responses to the use of illicit substances remain predominantly punitive and handled through the criminal justice system; it is through judicial, rather than healthcare, institutions that states address the illicit use of drugs and drug users. Even in countries in which drug use is not a crime, persistent criminalization of drug users is found. Treating drug use (and users) as a criminal matter is problematic for several reasons. First, as an earlier study by CEDD shows, responses that criminalize drug users are often ultimately more hazardous for the users; health than the drug use itself and do not help decrease levels of use (either problem or non-problem use).2 Second, as this report shows, the criminal justice response contributes to a climate of stigmatization of and discrimination against users, reducing the likelihood that police and the judicial system will take an impartial attitude toward them. Third, the criminalization of drug users is a poor use of public resources in both the public security and health sectors. Finally, this approach to drug use; through criminal justice institutions; violates various fundamental rights of users, including the rights to health, information, personal autonomy and self-determination. All of this violates various national and international human rights norms that States are obligated to uphold. The following is a summary of the studies; key findings: - Most public policies related to drug use in the countries studied take a punitive and prohibitionist approach that does not distinguish among different types of use and/or among substances or users; they are therefore inadequate for addressing the harm caused by problem drug use. - In all of the countries studied, there is strong discrimination against and stigmatization of drug users. Even in countries where use of those substances is not criminalized, we found that consumers are often treated as criminals. This leaves users outside the reach of health systems. - In all the countries studied, we found that drug users are criminally prosecuted. In Argentina, Ecuador, Mexico and Bolivia, drug use is not a crime. Nevertheless, according to the study in Argentina, in a sample from 2011, nearly 75 percent of the cases involving drug law violations that were initiated by security forces in the Federal Criminal Court in the city of Buenos Aires were for possession of drugs for personal use. In Ecuador, 5,103 people are presently incarcerated for possession of narcotic or psychotropic substances, of a total of 6,467 convicted on drug-related charges. In Mexico, 140,860 people nationwide were arrested for drug use between 2009 and May 2013, and investigations were opened in 53,769 cases in the federal system during that period. In Bolivia, 6,316 people were arrested for drug possession (mainly cannabis) between 2005 and 2011, although possession is not classified as a crime. - The criminal justice response puts drug users in a vulnerable position before the authorities, exposing them to corruption, extortion, physical abuse, sexual abuse, arbitrary detention and other violations of their fundamental rights. - Largely because of the stigmatization of drug use, users suffer constant violations of their fundamental rights, including the rights to health, self-determination and free personal development, the right not to suffer discrimination, and the right to information and due process. - The governments studied emphasize controlling the supply of illicitly used drugs over addressing drug use, or demand, which has a negative impact on the ability to provide adequate social and public-health responses to drug use and contributes to the violation of present and future users; rights to health. - There is a marked paucity of information about consumption and a lack of systematization of that information and, in some cases there are methodological and conceptual problems in the gathering of information about drug use. That often leads to an exaggeration of the problem of consumption of illicitly used drugs and hinders the formulation and development of informed policies based on empirical information. - By emphasizing a criminal justice approach over a health-related approach, governments have abdicated their responsibility to users who need treatment, leaving the private sector as the main provider of treatment and rehabilitation services. We found that States often do not regulate and/or oversee private centers, many of which operate informally, using treatments that have no scientific basis. Abstinence-based treatment models predominate in both the public and private sectors and there is little emphasis on harm reduction programs, which have proven more effective in mitigating the negative effects of illicit use of drugs. - Throughout the region, drug users; even when their use is not problematic; can be subjected to treatment involuntarily, forcibly or semi-forcibly. This means that scarce public-health resources that could be used for people who do want and need treatment are used for people who neither need nor want it. Given that situation, the proposal of drug courts offers an alternative to incarceration. One concern, however, is that this proposal is seen as a healthcare response, when its components are still of a criminal justice nature and risk reproducing all of the problems within the criminal justice system with regard to drug use. Details: Mexico: Research Consortium on Drugs and the Law (CEDD), 170p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 10, 2014 at: http://drogasyderecho.org/assets/full-report-english.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Latin America URL: http://drogasyderecho.org/assets/full-report-english.pdf Shelf Number: 132637 Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction (Latin America)Drug Abuse PolicyDrug Abuse TreatmentDrug EnforcementDrug ReformIllicit DrugsSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Mallik-Kane, Kamala Title: Prison Inmates' Prerelease Application for Medicaid: Take-up Rates in Oregon Summary: People returning from prison to the community have historically been uninsured, despite having physical and behavioral health problems that may perpetuate a cycle of relapse and reoffending. We describe Oregon's pre-Affordable Care Act (ACA) process to enroll released prisoners into its state-financed Medicaid program for childless adults. Sizeable numbers participated, including many with mental health and substance abuse problems. Persons leaving prison were as likely as the general population to submit Medicaid applications and less likely to be denied. Challenges arose when the application process straddled prison release, but the ACA simplifies the process and may increase enrollment efficiency. Details: Washington, DC: urban Institute, 2014. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 11, 2014 at: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/413199-prison-inmates-prerelease.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/413199-prison-inmates-prerelease.pdf Shelf Number: 132981 Keywords: Affordable Care Act Medicaid Medical Care Mental Health Care Prisoner Reentry (Oregon) Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: No Time to Waste: Evidence-Based Treatment for Drug Dependence at the United States Veterans Administration Summary: This briefing paper examines the response of the Veterans Administration to veterans struggling with drug and alcohol dependence, highlighting three programs that use evidence-based models to prevent overdose, treat opioid dependence and end chronic homelessness. These approaches incorporate harm reduction principles that "meet veterans where they are" - providing services along a spectrum to help veterans reduce the negative consequences of drug misuse including the harm of infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis. Continued support for these programs is critically important, both within the Veterans Administration, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and in the form of essential funding from the United States Congress. Human Rights Watch research indicates: - Expanding veterans' access to naloxone is critical to saving lives from overdose; - Medication-assisted therapy is an effective treatment for opioid dependence that should be accessible to greater numbers of veterans; - Focusing on "Housing First" gives veterans a chance to stabilize and rebuild their lives. The Veterans Administration has adopted evidence-based models because they are effective. But implementing evidence-based responses to drug dependence is a matter of human rights as well as public health. These are principles that apply to all people regardless of whether they have served in the nation's military. The VA provides the three models highlighted here to veterans, but they are essential for all who are drug dependent and may be at risk of overdose, in need of treatment or without a home. By expanding and sustaining these programs the Veterans Administration can set a precedent that ultimately could be a significant contribution to protecting the right to health not only for veterans but for all Americans. Details: New York: HRW, 2014. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 23, 2014 at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/us0614_vets_ForUpload.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/us0614_vets_ForUpload.pdf Shelf Number: 133392 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug Abuse TreatmentMilitary Veterans (U.S.)Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Wen, Hefei Title: The Effect of Substance Use Disorder Treatment Use on Crime: Evidence from Public Insurance Expansions and Health Insurance Parity Mandates Summary: We examine the effect of increasing the substance use disorder (SUD) treatment rate on reducing violent and property crime rates, based on county-level panels of SUD treatment and crime data between 2001 and 2008 across the United States. To address the potential endogeneity of the SUD treatment rate with respect to crime rate, we exploit the exogenous variation in the SUD treatment rate induced by two state-level policies, namely insurance expansions under the Health Insurance Flexibility and Accountability (HIFA) waivers and parity mandates for SUD treatment. Once we address the endogeneity issue, we are able to demonstrate an economically meaningful reduction in the rates of robbery, aggravated assault and larceny theft attributable to an increased SUD treatment rate. A back-of-the-envelope calculation shows that a 10 percent relative increase in the SUD treatment rate at an average cost of $1.6 billion yields a crime reduction benefit of $2.5 billion to $4.8 billion. Our findings suggest that expanding insurance coverage and benefits for SUD treatment is an effective policy lever to improve treatment use, and the improved SUD treatment use can effectively and cost-effectively promote public safety through crime reduction. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2014. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper Series: Working Paper 20537: Accessed October 6, 2014 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2505843 Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2505843 Shelf Number: 134228 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AdditionDrug Abuse and CrimeDrug Abuse TreatmentDrug Offenders (U.S.)Property CrimesRecidivismSubstance Abuse TreatmentViolent Crimes |
Author: Centre for Social Justice Title: Ambitious for Recovery: Tackling drug and alcohol addiction in the UK Summary: Addiction to drugs and alcohol takes a heavy toll on society. In 17 years running BAC O'Connor I have seen the impact, from crime, worklessness and strains on the NHS, to the price paid by individuals and their families. I have witnessed, however, people overcome their addiction and progress to lead full lives as contributing members of society. Provided with a little support to become drug and alcohol free, I have watched people transform their lives and become productive members of society. Recent falls in drug and alcohol use in the wider population conceal a rising cost of addiction: more alcohol-related admissions and readmissions, more prescription drugs issued, and, a surge in use of 'legal highs'. This is a social justice issue. Addiction can strike anyone but the harm of this situation is felt most keenly in poorer communities. Our interim report, No Quick Fix, laid bare the costs, extent and changing nature of drug and alcohol addiction in the UK. We outlined how the Government's 2010 Drug Strategy marked a welcome shift from a policy of maintaining addicts on substitute drugs to an ambition to help people lead drug-free lives. We have seen a rise in the use of mutual aid and the rhetoric of recovery now pervades strategy. Yet while some of the rhetoric has been good, action has been poor. Abstinence from drugs and alcohol, which is key to achieving lasting recovery but is still not the marker by which we measure our success. Equally, rehabs are the most effective route to abstinence for many yet are still the preserve of the wealthy or the lucky few. Making the situation worse, we now have 'legal highs', often more dangerous and addictive than the drugs they seek to imitate, available to buy on high streets across the UK. Our report lays out a programme for whoever next enters government, to tackle addiction and reduce its costs to society. We argue that priorities for the next Parliament should include: a small treatment tax of a penny on a unit is introduced by the end of the next Parliament to provide proper rehabilitation; reform to the welfare, criminal justice and health services to address the addiction problems which drain resources; and, a proper response to 'legal highs'. Details: London: Centre for Social Justice, 2014. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Breakthrough Britain II: Accessed October 9, 2014 at: http://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/UserStorage/pdf/Pdf%20reports/CSJJ2073_Addiction_15.08.14_2.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/UserStorage/pdf/Pdf%20reports/CSJJ2073_Addiction_15.08.14_2.pdf Shelf Number: 133925 Keywords: AlcoholismDrug Abuse and Addiction (U.K.)Drug Abuse and CrimeDrug Abuse TreatmentDrug OffendersRehabilitationSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Keaton, Sandy Title: Enhancing Treatment in a Drug Court Setting: An Evaluation of San Diego County's Pilot Vivitrol Project Summary: In 2012, the North County Drug Court began a pilot project administering Vivitrol to drug court clients with a primary opiate addiction. Vivitrol is an extended-release injectable formulation of naltrexone that was approved in 2006 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) for the treatment of alcohol dependence and in 2010 for the treatment of opiate dependence (USFDA, 2010). The County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency (HHSA) contracted with the San Diego Association of Governments' (SANDAG) Criminal Justice Research Division to conduct a two-year evaluation of the Vivitrol Pilot Project to determine if the program was implemented as planned and if the expected outcomes were achieved. This is the fourth and final evaluation report and provides the findings from data collected between August 2012 and June 2014. Key Findings of Vivitrol Pilot Project This report constitutes a two-year evaluation of the North County Vivitrol Pilot Project. It is one of the first studies to look at the longer term impacts of Vivitrol among opioid dependents. While the evaluation was limited by small sample size and available comparison group, the findings support further exploration of intramuscular injections of Vivitrol to support engagement and retention in drug treatment among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. Some key findings included: Regardless of the number of shots received, program clients generally reported that Vivitrol helped to control their cravings and supported their recovery. Program clients who completed the prescribed six or more doses of Vivitrol experienced decreased desire to use, did not relapse, and did not reoffend during the study period (a total of 18 months). While positive outcomes were realized for those clients who received the full dosage amount, only around one quarter (26%) received six or more shots. Older clients (36 years old on average) whose primary method of heroin administration was injection were more likely to receive six or more doses than those who were younger and reported other primary modes of use. Program stakeholders surveyed recommended that the Vivitrol project continue because of the success of the clients they witnessed during the pilot project including decreased cravings and greater focus on treatment. Details: San Francisco: Criminal Justice Research Division, SANDAG, 2014. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: CJ Bulletin: Accessed October 9, 2014 at: http://www.sandag.org/uploads/publicationid/publicationid_1873_17990.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.sandag.org/uploads/publicationid/publicationid_1873_17990.pdf Shelf Number: 133626 Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction (California)Drug Abuse TreatmentDrug CourtsDrug OffendersProblem-Solving CourtsSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: MacSwain, Mary-Ann Title: Characteristics of women participants in the Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program (MMTP), . Summary: Why we did this study Ensuring that offenders have access to interventions that address their substance abuse issues allows the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) to support the safe reintegration of offenders into society. The treatment needs of federal offenders with opioid dependence are facilitated through the provision of CSC's Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program (MMTP). Some of the objectives of CSC's MMTP include reducing relapse to opioid drug use and the incidence of drug-related criminal activity; improving the offender's general health and quality of life; and assisting and motivating offenders to gradually desist from all illicit drug use. Understanding the characteristics of women MMTP participants will assist CSC in developing its MMTP delivery to more effectively address the challenges of opioid addicted offenders, a group with high levels of criminogenic needs and long criminal histories. What we did The study included women federal offenders who were initiated into CSC's MMTP between January, 2003 and December, 2008 (N = 209). The comparison group consisted of the remaining women institutional population (N = 1879). The demographic characteristics, criminogenic risk and need factors and criminal histories of MMTP participants and the institutional population were compared. The drug use and mental health histories of MMTP participants were also examined. What we found Results indicate that, compared to the institutional population, female MMTP participants had higher static (risk) and dynamic (need) factor ratings. In addition, they had lower reintegration potential and motivation level, and a longer criminal history. MMTP participants were also more likely to currently be serving sentences for offences related to the acquisition of money or personal belongings such as robbery, theft or break and enter, and forgery/fraud, along with other non violent offences. They were also less likely to have current homicide or drug related offences. Most women MMTP participants report the use of pharmaceutical opioids, rather than heroin or a combination of heroin and pharmaceutical opioids. However, in the Pacific and Quebec regions, heroin use was more prevalent. Almost two thirds of women MMTP participants report problematic poly drug use in addition to their opioid use, with cocaine being the most commonly used non-opioid drug. Almost all (97%) of MMTP participants reported a history of injection drug use, and many also reported a history of overdose, and other risk behaviours related to their drug use such as needle sharing. Many women also present for MMT with other mental health issues such as depression (63%), anxiety (62%), and panic disorder (32%), as well as trauma such as physical (81%), mental (74%), and sexual abuse (67%). What it means The current study indicates that women MMTP participants have long criminal histories and represent major challenges for reintegration. However, successful treatment of their addiction and other criminogenic factors may lead to reductions in criminal activity after release. In addition, this research highlights a need to focus attention on the abuse of other drugs, trauma and mental health issues for this group of women. Details: Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada, 2014. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report No R-307 Accessed October 9, 2014 at: http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/005/008/092/005008-0307-eng.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/005/008/092/005008-0307-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 133630 Keywords: Drug Abuse TreatmentDrug OffendersFemale Inmates (Canada)Female OffendersMethadone MaintenanceSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Baker, Tom Title: Alcohol and other drug treatment and diversion from the Australian criminal justice system 2012-13 Summary: In the 10 years to 2012-13, the number of treatment episodes provided to clients diverted from the criminal justice system into alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment for drug or drug-related offences more than doubled, while treatment episodes for other clients increased only marginally. This bulletin assesses the nature of diversion clients referred to AOD treatment services, how they compare with non-diversion clients receiving AOD treatment, and the treatment they receive. About 1 in 4 clients had been diverted from the criminal justice system Nationally, there were 24,069 clients who had been diverted into AOD treatment, comprising 24% of all clients. Diversion clients were younger and more likely to be male than non-diversion clients, and less likely to be Indigenous Among diversion clients: - 25% were aged 10-19 compared with 11% for non-diversion clients - 80% were male compared with 67% of non-diversion clients - 12% were Indigenous compared with 15% for non-diversion clients. Among diversion clients, about 1 in 7 also received non-diversion treatment during 2012-13 While there are client data for just 1 collection year, about 1 in 7 (3,640) diversion clients also received non-diversion episodes during 2012-13 (4% of total clients). Diversion treatment episodes were about twice as likely to involve cannabis as the principal drug of concern compared with episodes for non-diversion clients Diversion episodes were most likely to be for cannabis (43% compared with 20% for non-diversion episodes). This was followed by alcohol (21% compared with 46%), amphetamines (18% compared with 13%) and heroin (7% compared with 8%). Police diversion episodes had less intensive treatment types compared with court diversion episodes Police diversion episodes were far less likely than court diversion episodes to involve counselling (21% compared with 54%) and support and case management only (1% compared with 15%) as main treatment types, and much more likely to involve information and education only (46% compared with 20%) and assessment only (31% compared with 5%). Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2014. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Bulletin 125: Accessed October 15, 2014 at: Year: 2014 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 133954 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationDiversion Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug Offender TreatmentDrug Offenders (Australia)Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Eurasian Harm Reduction Network Title: Overdose prevention services upon release from prison: Best practices from Scotland, Denmark, Italy and Spain Summary: This 'Fact Sheet' reports on good practice models in four European Union (EU) countries - Scotland, Denmark, Italy and Spain (more specifically, the Catalonia region) - on overdose prevention and management programs upon release from prison. Information gathered includes programme descriptions; evidence of effectiveness; functioning; and involvement of people who use drugs. A separate, complementary mapping report describing the situation in the target countries (Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland and Romania) regarding overdose prevention services upon release from prisons was also produced within Workstream 3: 'Overdose prevention services upon release from prison: Estonia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland and Romania'. Details: Vilnius: Eurasian Harm Reduction Network (EHRN), 2014. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 17, 2014 at: http://harm-reduction.org/sites/default/files/pdf/fact_sheet_best_practices_overdose_prevention.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://harm-reduction.org/sites/default/files/pdf/fact_sheet_best_practices_overdose_prevention.pdf Shelf Number: 133803 Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction (Europe)Drug Abuse TreatmentDrug Offender TreatmentDrug OverdosesPrisoner ReentrySubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Eurasian Harm Reduction Network Title: Overdose Prevention Services Upon Release from Prison: Estonia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland and Romania Summary: This report concentrates on the mapping of existing overdose prevention and management programmes for released prisoners. The mapping exercise involves the following five European Union (EU) countries: Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland and Romania and includes: a. identification of existing programmes and services available upon release from prison; b. availability of naloxone; and c. opportunities for the introduction of overdose prevention and/or naloxone programmes. Details: Vilnius, Lithuania: Eurasian Harm Reduction Network (EHRN), 2014. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 20, 2014 at: http://www.harm-reduction.org/sites/default/files/pdf/report_overdose_prevention_services_upon_release_from_prison.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://www.harm-reduction.org/sites/default/files/pdf/report_overdose_prevention_services_upon_release_from_prison.pdf Shelf Number: 133740 Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction (Europe) Drug Abuse Treatment Drug Offender Treatment Drug Overdoses Prisoner Reentry Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Karam, Johanna Title: Dignity, diversion, home and hope: a review of interventions for volatile substance misuse in regional North Queensland Summary: Volatile substance misuse (VSM) refers to the practice of deliberately inhaling volatile substances for the purposes of bringing about a change in mental state. Rates of inhalant misuse in Australia are difficult to determine but are generally thought to be increasing (Usher et al. 2005). Whilst there is a growing body of literature about VSM, many papers recognise the lack of empirical research investigating the effectiveness of interventions (Skellington Orr & Shewan 2006; Konghom et al. 2010; Ridenour et al. 2007; Ridenour 2005; NHMRC 2011b; S. J. MacLean & d'Abbs 2011; CCYP 2002; d'Abbs & S. J. MacLean 2008; S. MacLean et al. 2012; NIAT 2006). Research into inhalant use interventions in Australia is dominated by investigations of petrol sniffing and other inhalant use in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island communities (e.g. Cairney and Dingwall 2010; James 2004; S. J. MacLean and d'Abbs 2002; Midford et al. 2010) or capital cities (e.g. Ogwang et al. 2006; Hancock 2004; Takagi et al. 2010). In the regional cities of Central, North and Far North Queensland, young people from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island backgrounds overwhelmingly dominate the statistics of inhalant users. This necessitates a targeted, culturally appropriate place based response, as reflected in Australia's National Drug Strategy Complementary Action Plan for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy 2006). Outbreaks of inhalant use are often highly localised and spasmodic. The episodic nature of outbreaks means that often place based strategies and responses are the most appropriate (NIAT 2006). Criteria outlined by d'Abbs and MacLean (2008) included 'research and consultation to determine specific features of VSM within the local area' as a specific component of any successful intervention. Examination of interventions and applicability within the regional context was therefore deemed warranted. In April 2012, Cairns based government and non-government agencies participated in a one-day forum, facilitated by state-wide capacity building organisation Dovetail, to discuss regional VSM issues and develop an action plan to improve strategies and collaboration. Following the forum, Youth Empowered Towards Independence (YETI) received funding from the former Commonwealth Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA) to undertake a 12-month VSM-CAP (Community and Practice) project to help strengthen interventions and supports for inhalant users in the local area. YETI is a not-for-profit non-government organisation that supports young people aged 10-25 years old residing in Cairns. YETI primarily works with vulnerable young people who are at risk of, or are already engaging in the use of illicit drugs and/or alcohol. Approximately 85 per cent of clients accessing services at YETI identify as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. YETI recognises the importance of research and evaluation for strengthening collaborative interventions and the documentation of VSM practice responses, which are relevant to the local context. The funding ensured that research and documentation of best practice place-based interventions was able to occur. Aims of the VSM-CAP Project included; direct intervention - to reduce harms associated with VSM in the Cairns region and to provide individual support to young people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander background to reconnect with country, family and community, and; coordination and collaboration - to build community systems capacity in relation to responding to inhalant use in Cairns and Far North Queensland. This research constituted the third aim of the project. This research examined current regional VSM interventions and collated qualitative and statistical data to develop evidence-based locally responsive interventions to address VSM. The subsequent report also documents a set of practice principles, which underpin YETI's VSM response within the local context. The project identifies, explores and reports some of the issues associated with inhalant use in regional centres of North and Far North Queensland. Most importantly, the report and the associated project give a voice to the 'grass roots' people at the 'coal face' of sniffing in regional Queensland. That is, the voices of young people engaging in VSM and local place based practitioners who work with them. Details: Canberra: Australian Government, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2014. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 20, 2014 at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/docs/YETI_dignity_diversion_home_hope.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Australia URL: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/docs/YETI_dignity_diversion_home_hope.pdf Shelf Number: 134178 Keywords: At-Risk YouthDrug Abuse and Addiction (Australia)Drug Abuse TreatmentInhalantsSubstance AbuseSubstance Abuse TreatmentVolatile Substance Misuse |
Author: Appenzeller, George W. Title: Report of an Outcome Based Statistical Analysis of the Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) Programs of the South Carolina Department of Corrections Summary: On October 1, 2013, System Wide Solutions, Inc. (SWS) of Columbia SC was awarded a contract by the SC Department of Public Safety (SCDPS). The purpose of the contract was to conduct an outcome based statistical analysis of the Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) programs of the South Carolina Department of Corrections (SCDC). The analysis is a quasi- experimental design. Individuals who participated in the RSAT program who were released from custody during State FY's 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 are the study population while a matched group of individuals in three other circumstances released at the same time are the comparison groups. A comprehensive literature review was conducted prior to the analysis taking place. A Data Collection Plan was agreed to by SWS, SCDC and the SCDPS during the early fall of 2013. The dataset was provided by SCDC in November of 2013. Additional questions regarding data and program operations were answered by SCDC in early March of 2014. The analysis was conducted during March and early April of 2014. There are a number of limitations to the study, centering around two issues. These are the use of a database intended for administrative purposes for research purposes and potential selection bias for inmates chosen for the RSAT programs. There are eleven findings of the study. These findings are: 1. For women, participation in the SCDC RSAT and ATU programs greatly reduces the likelihood of being re-incarcerated at 12, 24 or 36 months after release. 2. For men, there appears to be little difference in re-incarceration rates at 24 or 36 months after release except in comparison to similar inmates from the same institutions at which the treatment programs are located. 3. The RSAT and other ATU programs have similar results. 4. Certain demographic and program variables may have a significant influence on reincarceration and these influences have a greater effect on the rate of re-incarceration than does program participation. 5. Any participation, successful or not, has a positive influence on re-incarceration for women who participated in the SCDC RSAT or ATU and has a lesser positive influence on re-incarceration for men who participated in the SCDC RSAT or ATU. 6. The use of administrative data systems such as that used for this study limits the reliability of evaluation and analysis for RSAT and other programs. 7. Qualitative data such as interviews with staff and program participants would greatly aid in assuring a more reliable set of data. 8. A quasi-experimental design using a matched comparison group may not be the appropriate methodology to determine the efficacy of addiction treatment programs in correctional institutions. 9. Recidivism studies of the success of addiction treatment programs in correctional institutions should take into account post-release factors as well as pre-release factors. 10. Hazard ratios can be determined using existing SCDC data and these ratios could be helpful in determining individualized planning for inmates. 11. The SCDC potentially can utilize previous studies to improve the performance of the RSAT programs it operates. Details: Columbia, SC: System Wide Solutions, Inc., 2014. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 12, 2015 at: http://www.scdps.gov/ohsjp/stats/IllegalDrugs/Corrections%20Report%20Final.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.scdps.gov/ohsjp/stats/IllegalDrugs/Corrections%20Report%20Final.pdf Shelf Number: 134621 Keywords: Correctional Treatment ProgramsDrug Offenders (South Carolina)RecidivismSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Victoria (AUS). Department of Premier and Cabinet Title: Ice action plan Summary: Ice use is a complex problem that demands a long-term solution, but the Ice Action Plan deals with the things that cannot wait. Its about supporting families, treating users and making our community safer. Under the Plan, the Government will invest $4.7 million to help families identify and manage ice users and $1 million to support frontline workers who are at risk of getting attacked at work. The Government will invest $18 million to expand drug treatment and rehabilitation, so users can get the help they need, and set up a dedicated Ice Help Line that directs families and health professionals to the support they need. New measures to reduce the growing supply of ice on our streets include a $4.5 million plan to crack down on clandestine drug labs and tough laws to stop dealers and manufacturers. Community safety is our priority. The Government will invest $15 million for new drug and booze buses and provide $500,000 to help community groups tackle ice use in their local area. A stable job means a stable life, and the Andrews Labor Government is improving the prospects of young, at-risk people with the $1 billion Back to Work Plan and the $320 million TAFE Rescue Fund. The Ice Action Plan builds on the Victorian Parliaments landmark 2014 Inquiry into the supply and use of ice, which identified a significant increase in the number of people in their 20s using ice. The work of the Premiers Ice Action Taskforce will continue, with a long-term role to support the implementation of the Plan and advise the Government where more effort is needed. Details: Melbourne: Victorian Government, 2015. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 26, 2015 at: http://apo.org.au/files/Resource/ice-action-plan-final-summary-document-web-version.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://apo.org.au/files/Resource/ice-action-plan-final-summary-document-web-version.pdf Shelf Number: 135061 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug TreatmentMethamphetamineSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Taylor, Liana R. Title: General Responsivity and Evidence-Based Treatment: Individual and Program Predictors of Treatment Outcomes During Adolescent Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment Summary: Since it was first articulated, the Risk-Need-Responsivity model (RNR; Andrews, Bonta, & Hoge, 1990) has been extensively researched and is regarded as an empirically supported model for providing effective correctional treatment. It is comprised of three core principles: the risk principle, which provides direction for who should receive treatment; the need principle, which identifies intermediate treatment targets; and the responsivity principle, which states how treatment programs should be structured. The RNR model is purported to be relevant for all offender populations, including female offenders (Dowden & Andrews, 1999a), juvenile offenders (Dowden & Andrews, 1999b), violent offenders (Dowden & Andrews, 2000), and sexual offenders (Hanson, Bourgon, Helmus, & Hogdson, 2009). Yet, the majority of RNR research has examined the risk and need principles, and the responsivity principle remains understudied. The responsivity principle includes two sub-principles: general and specific (Andrews, & Bonta, 2010). The current research explored the general responsivity principle, which states that programs should use theoretically relevant models for individual change, specifically cognitive-behavioral and cognitive-social learning models (Andrews & Bonta, 2010). The following techniques are consistent with these models: "role-playing, modeling, repeated practice of alternative behaviors, cognitive restructuring to modify thoughts/emotions, skills building, or reinforcement" (Andrews & Bonta, 2010, p. 50). Despite empirical support, the RNR model has received minimal application to juveniles, and it has not been widely tested in the substance abuse treatment context. Additionally, it is not clear whether adherence to the RNR model is relevant for reducing substance use outcomes in youth. Adolescent substance abuse treatment programs were designed to address substance use among juveniles, and have been widely researched to determine their effectiveness; yet their effectiveness remains understudied among juvenile offenders. These studies include examinations of specific treatment interventions used, such as Multisystemic Therapy. Many of these interventions are considered to be "evidence-based treatment" (EBT), but there is a wide variety of repositories that classify interventions as "evidence-based" with varying criteria used to classify them. The juvenile drug treatment court model (JDTC) was specifically developed to address substance use and crime among juvenile offenders; however, findings from empirical studies have not demonstrated a strong treatment effect. To address these gaps in the literature, secondary analyses were conducted on data collected from 132 adolescent outpatient substance abuse treatment programs (AOPs) and 10 juvenile drug treatment courts nationwide. This research was an application of the general responsivity principle in the AOP and JDTC context to determine the impact of responsivity adherence on the odds of rearrest and substance use severity. The analyses also included an examination of evidence-based treatment (EBT) in both samples to determine the influence of EBT use scores on the odds of rearrests and substance use severity scores. To examine the AOP sample, multilevel models were used to examine the individual- and program-level impact of responsivity adherence and EBT use. To examine the JDTC sample, multivariate analyses were used to examine the individual-level impact of responsivity adherence and EBT use. Overall, responsivity adherence was not significantly associated with rearrests among AOP participants, nor was it significantly associated with substance use severity scores. Additionally, the odds of rearrest were significantly greater among individuals who received interventions with a higher EBT use score; though, there was no association between the average EBT use scores across programs and the odds of rearrest. There was no significant association between individual- and program-level EBT use scores and substance use severity. Among JDTC participants, an increase in responsivity adherence was associated with an increase in the odds of rearrest and substance use severity. A similar association emerged between EBT use scores and both outcomes, wherein increases in EBT use scores were significantly associated with an increase in the odds of rearrest and substance use severity. The results of the analyses suggest the need for further specification of both general responsivity adherence and "evidence-based" treatment for use in future research and theory; specifically, further elaboration of the general responsivity-adherent techniques and clear criteria for classifying interventions as "evidence-based treatment." The findings also imply that certain types of treatment interventions are more compatible with the JDTC model than other interventions. Additional analyses suggest the possibility that general responsivity adherence and evidence-based treatment may not be unique constructs. Future research may benefit through exploring evidence-based treatment as a criterion for adherence to the general responsivity principle. Details: Philadelphia: Temple University, 2014. 252p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 1, 2015 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248590.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248590.pdf Shelf Number: 135116 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug Abuse TreatmentDrug CourtsDrug OffendersEvidence-Based TreatmentJuvenile Drug OffendersSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc. Title: Fairbanks Juvenile Treatment Court: Evaluation Report Summary: The Fairbanks Juvenile Treatment Court (FJTC) began in 2008 as an innovative response to youth with mental health and co-occurring disorders (mental health and substance use disorders together). As in other parts of the country, it grew from the recognition that mental health disorders, sometimes paired with substance abuse, frequently contribute to the reason juveniles commit offenses and appear before the Court. The FJTC targets youth whose mental illness likely contributed to the commission of their offense. Like most therapeutic courts, the FJTC is managed by a multi-disciplinary team which uses a collaborative (as opposed to an adversarial) approach. Members step out of their traditional roles to encourage treatment of the juvenile while still promoting public safety. FJTC's mission is to "promote public safety while moving adolescents from the traditional juvenile justice system into a mental health/substance use treatment system that can sustain health and non-criminal behavior." The Alaska Court System (ACS), in collaboration with the Alaska Mental Health Trust Authority, have sponsored this evaluation to analyze outcomes of participants in the FJTC in state fiscal years (SFY) 2009 through 2012, and to measure the effectiveness of the FJTC at improving the lives of juveniles with mental health and substance use disorders. The purpose of the study is to help guide the FJTC in its future development by providing information on: 1. the functioning of the FJTC in relation to mental health and juvenile drug court standards; 2. the clinical and demographic characteristics of FJTC participants and their corresponding service needs; 3. the services available and used by FJTC participants to identify any unmet needs or gaps in the service delivery system; 4. the clinical and criminal recidivism outcomes of FJTC participants, and factors associated with and predictive of those outcomes; 5. characteristics of FJTC participants appropriate for diversion; and 6. evidence-based programs and services which could be employed to divert youth from court or reduce recidivism. The FJTC is a diversion program, meaning that the juvenile's current charges are held in abeyance, or not adjudicated, pending the agreement of the youth to participate in FJTC. Agreement means the youth must accept treatment for his or her mental health and/or substance use, attend court hearings and obey the conditions of conduct set out by the court. The youth's agreement to participate includes admission to the charges, and an explanation of the consequences in the plea agreement, which may include detention should the youth not complete the program. To qualify for participation, the youth must have a current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV3 (DSM IV) Axis I mental health diagnosis, qualifying criminal charges, and must be willing to accept services and will preferably be supported by a parent or caregiver. Details: South Portland, ME: Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc., 2014. 107p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 20, 2015 at: http://www.hornbyzeller.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/FJTC-2014-Report-FINAL-May-2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.hornbyzeller.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/FJTC-2014-Report-FINAL-May-2014.pdf Shelf Number: 135306 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationJuvenile CourtsJuvenile Diversion ProgramsJuvenile Offenders (Alaska)Mental Health CourtsProblem-Solving CourtsSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Hussain, Qusai Title: Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment within the Context of the Criminal Justice System: A Review of the Literature Summary: This literature review is submitted to the Victorian Department of Human Services' Drugs Policy and Services Branch, as the first part of the Forensic Workforce Training Program project and has been written by the Research, Development and Projects division at Caraniche Pty Ltd. The purpose of the literature review is two-fold. First, it provides a critical review of current best practice in forensic alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment and secondly, it provides an analysis of the methodologies employed in developing and delivering effective training programs for AOD workers in the criminal justice system. These findings in combination with the Training Needs Analysis undertaken by the Youth Substance Abuse Service will provide the framework for the development of the Forensic Workforce Training Program. The literature review consisted of three phases, namely on-line database searches, web-based searches and specific website searches. The searches were guided by three content areas comprising: 1. current best practice principles in the provision of drug and alcohol treatment. 2. current best practice principles applied by AOD workers when working with forensic clients. 3. the nature, scope and efficacy of training programs developed for AOD workers working with forensic clients. Details: Melbourne: Victorian Department of Human Services' Drugs Policy and Services Branch, 2015. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2015 at: http://docs.health.vic.gov.au/docs/doc/49D540596D8A390CCA25789A007E9034/$FILE/fwt-litreview.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: http://docs.health.vic.gov.au/docs/doc/49D540596D8A390CCA25789A007E9034/$FILE/fwt-litreview.pdf Shelf Number: 135502 Keywords: Alcohol Abuse Alcohol TreatmentDrug Abuse and AdditionDrug TreatmentSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Australia. Auditor General Title: Delivery of the petrol sniffing strategy in remote Indigenous communities Summary: Through the Petrol Sniffing Strategy (PSS), the Australian Government has supported initiatives to reduce the incidence and impact of petrol sniffing in remote Indigenous communities since 2005. The key element of the PSS is to subsidise the production of low aromatic fuel (LAF) so that it replaces regular unleaded petrol (RULP) in areas at risk of petrol sniffing outbreaks, without the higher production costs acting as a barrier to its uptake. While there are many underlying causes of petrol sniffing, generally associated with young people from disadvantaged backgrounds and marginalised groups, research results have indicated that the introduction of LAF has been successful in contributing to reductions in the incidence of petrol sniffing. For this reason, additional funding has been made available by the Australian Government to expand the supply and distribution of LAF. From an initial 41 sites in June 2005, the PSS expanded and, as at January 2015, LAF was available in 138 sites associated with 78 Indigenous communities in Western Australia, Queensland, South Australia and the Northern Territory. Consistent with the policy objective of the PSS, these sites are located in regional and remote areas of Australia. While the number of sites has increased, the overall annual volume of LAF produced has largely remained stable since 2007-08 with approximately 21 megalitres being produced on average each year. No performance targets have been set in relation to the volume of LAF produced and distributed, although contracts with LAF producers allow for an annual production of up to 53 megalitres. In the most recent expansion of the PSS in 2010-11, the Australian Government provided additional funding to include 39 sites covering 11 communities in Northern Australia, with an associated increase in annual volume of production of LAF. As well as supporting extra production capacity, a significant element of the increased funding was to provide for additional storage facilities as the lack of bulk storage had been identified as the key barrier to expanding the PSS in northern Australia. Following a select tender, the department responsible for providing LAF, the then Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA), entered into contracts with two major fuel producers to supply LAF to different regions of Australia. The development of additional storage infrastructure was initially included by DoHA in the tender for fuel production, however, the department subsequently chose to enter into direct negotiations with the operators of terminal facilities in Darwin. These negotiations were anticipated to have been completed in time to allow for facilities to be operational by 1 July 2012 which, in turn, would enable the contracts for increased production to commence. Negotiations were lengthy and remained ongoing at the time the responsibility for petrol sniffing initiatives was transferred to the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (PM&C) in September 2013. An agreement for capital works was subsequently executed in December 2013, which enabled work to commence on developing the required storage infrastructure. The storage facility became operational in November 2014, more than two years later than expected. As a result of the delay, implementation of the expansion fell short of the Government's initial expectations. The facility was also more expensive than first anticipated, with the contracted cost of establishing the bulk storage facility being up to $19.2 million (including GST) - exceeding significantly the initial estimates of up to $12.9 million. Following the establishment of storage facilities, additional production of LAF commenced in late November 2014 and PM&C anticipates that the annual volume of LAF produced in 2015-16 will double. The department's processes for managing existing contractual arrangements and for monitoring the delivery of LAF are largely sound. Information collected under the production and distribution agreements enables PM&C to maintain appropriate visibility over the volume of LAF supplied and the locations of sites to which it is supplied. The main approach of the PSS is to reduce the availability of RULP in high risk communities by encouraging fuel outlets serving those communities and outlets in surrounding areas to only stock LAF and create a distance buffer zone around vulnerable communities. Accordingly, PM&C monitors supply information so that sites ceasing to supply LAF can be contacted and encouraged to continue to participate in the PSS. In addition, since 2005, a contracted research provider has assessed a sample of communities periodically for incidences of petrol sniffing and the role of LAF in reducing outbreaks. As a result of these data collection arrangements, PM&C has a reasonable evidence base to support the assessment of LAF in reducing the incidence of petrol sniffing. Between 2005 and 2009, the supply of LAF was identified as a program in the Health and Ageing Portfolio Budget Statements, and DoHA reported against the number of sites providing LAF as an indicator of performance for the PSS. Between 2009 and 2014 there was no formal reporting on the progress of the strategy. While the PSS has expanded, albeit more slowly than anticipated, there has been little information publicly reported on the effect that the supply of LAF has had on reducing the incidence of petrol sniffing in Indigenous communities. Research indicates that the supply of LAF is making a positive contribution to reducing petrol sniffing. The design of the PSS, however, also acknowledges that there are limitations to taking a single approach and that other actions need to be undertaken in conjunction with the supply of LAF to successfully address the issue of petrol sniffing. In 2014, the PSS was identified in the Prime Minister and Cabinet Portfolio Budget Statements as a specific initiative to be delivered under the Safety and Wellbeing Programme, with the key performance indicator being the number of sites providing LAF. Using this narrowly-focussed indicator alone, however, will provide for only a limited assessment of performance. In view of the PSS's maturity, it is timely for PM&C to strengthen its PSS-related performance reporting by including a greater focus on assessing the impact of the PSS. The ANAO has made one recommendation to improve PM&C's accountability and reporting for the PSS. . Details: Canberra: Australian National Audit Office, 2015. 96p. Source: Internet Resource: ANAO Report No. 35 2014-15: Accessed May 14, 2015 at: http://apo.org.au/files/Resource/anao_deliveryofthepetrolsniffingstrategyinremoteindigenouscommunities_may_2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://apo.org.au/files/Resource/anao_deliveryofthepetrolsniffingstrategyinremoteindigenouscommunities_may_2015.pdf Shelf Number: 135634 Keywords: AboriginalsIndigenous PeoplesPetrol SniffingSubstance AbuseSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Davis, Chelsea Title: Bridging the Gap: Improving the Health of Justice-Involved People through Information Technology Summary: On September 17, 2014, the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) convened a two-day conference in Rockville, Maryland called Bridging the Gap: Improving the Health of Justice-Involved People through Information Technology. The meeting aimed to address the problems of disconnected justice and health systems and to develop solutions by describing barriers, benefits, and best practices for connecting community providers and correctional facilities using health information technology (HIT). The gathering, organized by the SAMSHA Health Information Technology and Criminal Justice Team and the Federal Interagency Reentry Council HIT Workgroup, included representatives from federal agencies; national advocacy organizations; and nonprofit, state, and local agencies providing health services to justice-involved populations. The following proceedings give an overview of each session and a synthesis of the obstacles to instituting HIT solutions for information sharing detailed during the meeting. The proceedings address the importance of using emerging HIT to respond to the growing problem of people with mental health and substance use disorders involved in the criminal justice system and to articulate a vision of how HIT can facilitate ongoing connections between health and justice systems. Several jurisdictions that are implementing new HIT programs - both those that connect community providers to correctional facilities during initial intake into the justice system and those that connect correctional facilities to community providers during reentry - are highlighted here. Common challenges emerged among jurisdictions despite their unique environments and systems. Conference participants discussed these challenges along with opportunities for overcoming them. An in-depth case study of new HIT initiatives in Louisville, Kentucky, is included, illustrating how to build and sustain collaborative cross-sector teams. The conference coalesced around six key themes: - An underdeveloped HIT landscape makes it difficult for health and justice systems to communicate and share data vital to the health of justice-system-involved populations. - Innovative programs from jurisdictions around the country can help others figure out how to successfully launch HIT programs intended to share data between community providers and correctional facilities. - Representatives from Medicaid agencies, corrections departments, and community providers need to be at the table together to develop solutions that advance common goals that promote public health and public safety. - Every locale must build a program based on its specific needs, infrastructure, and partners, but resources such as Justice and Health Connect, NIEM, and Global can guide jurisdictions looking to bridge the justice and health gap. - Privacy, security, consent, and technology adaptation are difficult but surmountable obstacles to providing healthcare to the justice-system-involved population. - Data-driven programs such as justice reinvestment seek to cut spending and reinvest the savings in practices that have been empirically shown to improve safety and hold offenders accountable. The trend toward evidence-based evaluation of justice programs, coupled with mounting evidence that current incarceration and recidivism rates are economically unsustainable, have galvanized diverse stakeholders to collaborate on developing better responses to justice-involved people who have substance use and mental health issues. Details: New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2015. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2015 at: http://www.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/samhsa-justice-health-information-technology.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/samhsa-justice-health-information-technology.pdf Shelf Number: 135699 Keywords: Inmate Health CareMedicaidMedical CareMental HealthMentally Ill OffendersSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Meservey, Fred Title: Caring for Youth with Mental Health Needs in the Juvenile Justice System: Improving Knowledge and Skills Summary: Approximately two-thirds of youth in the care of the juvenile justice system have a diagnosable mental health and/or substance use disorder. Too frequently, staff supervising these youth have received little formal adolescent mental health training and lack the knowledge and skills to provide adequate supervision and care. This can often lead to the use of ineffective and unnecessarily punitive responses to youth which can further exacerbate a youth's symptoms and create stressful situations for all. To address this challenge, the National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice (NCMHJJ), with support from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, created and tested a mental health training curriculum for juvenile justice staff. Details: Delmar, NY(?):National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice, 2015. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Research and Program Brief, vol. 2, no. 2: Accessed May 20, 2015 at: http://cfc.ncmhjj.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/OJJDP-508-050415-FINAL.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://cfc.ncmhjj.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/OJJDP-508-050415-FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 135719 Keywords: Adolescent OffendersJuvenile OffendersMental Health ServicesMentally Ill OffendersSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Vander Hart, Scott J. Title: Does Prison Substance Abuse Treatment Reduce Recidivism? Summary: The Iowa Department of Corrections faces a growing prison population expected to quickly exceed current capacities. Additionally, nine out of every ten offenders have a history of alcohol or drug problems - often both. Research suggests that alcohol and drugs lead to criminal behavior, which lead offenders right back to prison creating a vicious circle and placing a financial and societal burden on the state. However, research also shows that substance abuse treatment can minimize criminal behavior, and offers a way to shut the revolving prison door. Substance abuse programming attempts to change offender thinking patterns and behavior in order to facilitate re-entry back into the community, lessen substance abuse relapse and reduce recidivism. Yet nearly 60% of offenders with identified needs are not treated, and many lacking treatment are high risk. Additionally, the percentage of offenders returning to prison varies significantly from program to program and some programs can not show they have reduced recidivism when compared to offender groups with substance abuse problems and receiving no treatment at all. All of which minimize the effect substance abuse programming has in curbing prison population growth and reducing crime. The Department of Corrections intends to reduce recidivism through evaluation of program fidelity and implementation of evidence-based practices. Many of the programs are already structured to accommodate continuous improvement centered on desired outcomes. Population characteristics and the type and level of community support can also significantly influence recidivism. All of which call for the department to: - Enhance community support and other re-entry initiatives to reinforce desired behaviors in the community where offenders face situations that can lead to relapse and criminal behavior; and - Develop planning, evaluation and service delivery approaches that support integrated substance abuse programming across the prison and correctional system, and enable internal benchmarking of "best practices." Details: Des Moines: Iowa Department of Management, Performance Audit Program, 2007. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 4, 2015 at: http://publications.iowa.gov/5092/1/DOC_Substance_Abuse_Report.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: http://publications.iowa.gov/5092/1/DOC_Substance_Abuse_Report.pdf Shelf Number: 135895 Keywords: Correctional ProgramsDrug OffendersRecidivismRehabilitationSubstance Abuse TreatmentTreatment Programs |
Author: Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services Title: Jail-Based Substance Abuse Programs Summary: The Virginia Compensation Board conducts a survey of jails each year to gather information on inmates with mental illness. Some information on inmates with substance abuse disorders is also gathered, and included in the annual report. The most common treatment provided for inmates with substance abuse disorders is group substance abuse treatment, which the Compensation Board's 2013 Mental Illness in Jails Report defines as: "Meeting of a group of individuals with a substance abuse clinician for the purpose of providing psycho education about various substance abuse topics and/or to provide group feedback and support with regard to substance abuse issues. Examples could include AA meeting, NA meeting, or relapse prevention groups." In July 2013, for the 58 (out of 64) local and regional jails that responded to the Compensation Board's survey, 30.7% of the jail population had a known or suspected substance abuse disorder, almost of half of whom had a co-occurring mental illness. Unfortunately, according to the Compensation Board survey results, only about 20% of inmates with a substance abuse disorder receive group substance abuse treatment. It may be that others are receiving other services not counted in this survey; group substance abuse treatment is the only substance abuse service included in the Compensation Board survey. To provide additional data on jail substance abuse programs, DCJS is currently surveying jails regarding their substance abuse populations and treatment services. Data from this survey are not ready at this time, but the results will be published when the study is complete. Details: Richmond: Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services, 2014. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 5, 2015 at: https://www.dcjs.virginia.gov/research/documents/Kingdom%20Life%20Report_FINAL.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.dcjs.virginia.gov/research/documents/Kingdom%20Life%20Report_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 136677 Keywords: Drug OffendersDrugs and CrimeJail InmatesMental IllnessMentally Ill OffendersSubstance AbuseSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: New Mexico Sentencing Commission Title: Assessment Of The Second Judicial District Court Pretrial Services Office Summary: According to the American Probation and Parole Association and the Pretrial Justice Institute, in perhaps no more than 15% (460) of the nation's 3,065 counties, judicial officers are aided by pretrial services programs in the balancing act between the presumption of innocence and public safety (APPA, 2010). At midyear 2011, about 6 in 10 jail inmates were not convicted, but were in jail awaiting court action on a current charge - a rate unchanged since 2005 (Minton, 2012). U.S. jails over the past two decades have become largely occupied by individuals awaiting trial, with only a minority of inmates serving out convictions. Before the mid-1990s, jail populations historically were evenly split between pretrial and sentenced prisoners. Since 1996, however, pretrial inmates have grown in numbers and at a faster rate than sentenced inmates, even though crime rates have been falling (Bechtel, et al, 2012). During the 2012 regular session of the New Mexico State Legislative session, the Legislature passed House Joint Memorial 20 (HJM 20) "Bernalillo Case Management Pilot Project." HJM 20 lists a series of conditions justifying the passage of the memorial; a shortage of incarceration options; $30 million to house felony arrestees; the Bernalillo County Metropolitan Detention Center (MDC) has exceeded its design capacity for years; opportunities to alleviate burdens on county jails, but the opportunities were too difficult to implement; and the old Bernalillo County Detention Center could be renovated into a treatment center. HJM 20 resolves that the Bernalillo County Commissioners create a pilot project that will streamline case management, evaluate and expand treatment and diversion programs, create an alternative incarceration facility, as well as start new mental health and substance abuse treatment options, alternative incarceration, transitional living, and reintegration programs. The major stakeholders of the Bernalillo County criminal justice system should be represented in the pilot project. Additionally, HJM20 requests the NM Sentencing Commission (NMSC) collect jail population data, research case management practices, and evaluate the viability and effectiveness of the proposed pilot project. In response to HJM 20, NMSC entered into a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Bernalillo County. The scope of work was, "evaluate the effectiveness of the expanded pretrial services program operated by the [Second Judicial District Court (SJDC)] - [also evaluate] new or expanded treatment programs and diversionary programs [if time and budget allow]." Details: Albuquerque, NM: New Mexico Sentencing Commission, 2014. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 11, 2015 at: http://nmsc.unm.edu/reports/2014/assessment-of-the-second-judicial-district-court-pretrial-services-office.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://nmsc.unm.edu/reports/2014/assessment-of-the-second-judicial-district-court-pretrial-services-office.pdf Shelf Number: 137239 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationCase ManagementDiversionJail InmatesMental Health ServicesPretrial ServicesSubstance Abuse TreatmentTreatment Programs |
Author: Kissick, Katherine Title: Clark County Family Treatment Court: Striding Towards Excellent Parents (STEP) Vancouver, WA - Process, Outcome, and Cost Evaluation Report Summary: Drug treatment courts are one of the fastest growing programs designed to reduce drug abuse and criminality in nonviolent offenders in the nation. The first drug court was implemented in Miami, Florida, in 1989. As of June 2014, there were nearly 3,0000 drug courts including more than 1,900 adult and juvenile drug courts and 300 family treatment courts in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (NDCRC, 2015). In a typical drug court program, participants are closely supervised by a judge who is supported by a team of agency representatives that operate outside of their traditional adversarial roles. These include addiction treatment providers, district attorneys, public defenders, law enforcement officers, and parole and probation officers who work together to provide needed services to drug court participants. Family Drug Treatment Courts (FTCs) work with substance-abusing parents with child welfare cases. FTCs are a "problem-solving" court modeled after the adult drug court approach. Similar to adult drug courts, the essential components of FTCs include regular, often weekly, court hearings, intensive judicial monitoring, timely referral to substance abuse treatment, frequent drug testing, rewards and sanctions linked to service compliance, and generally include wraparound services (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2004; Edwards & Ray, 2005). The FTC team always includes the child welfare system along with the judicial and treatment systems, (Green, Furrer, Worcel, Burrus, & Finigan, 2007). Second, while adult drug courts work primarily with criminally involved adults who participate in the drug court in lieu of jail time, participants in FTCs may not be criminally involved; rather, FTC participants typically become involved in drug court due to civil family court matters. NPC Research partnered with the Clark County Family Treatment Court to conduct an evaluation of the Family Treatment Court as part of their Children Affected by Methamphetamines (CAM) grant, awarded to Clark County in 2010 by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The purpose of the grant was to enhance the FTC program by adding more services for parents and their children, specifically mental health/family counseling, an at home support specialist, parenting assistance (including home, in office one-on-one and group classes around parenting skills) and evidenced based practices for parenting (Triple P and Parent Child Interaction Therapy). Participants opting into CAM services also received a neuropsychological exam intended to help identify participant and family needs to better plan which additional services were most appropriate. Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research, 2015. 161p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 27, 2016 at: http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/Clark-County-CAM-Process-Outcome-Cost-Evaluation_1015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/Clark-County-CAM-Process-Outcome-Cost-Evaluation_1015.pdf Shelf Number: 137668 Keywords: Child AbuseChild Abuse PreventionChild ProtectionDrug CourtsDrug OffendersParenting ProgramsProblem-Solving CourtsSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Council of State Governments Justice Center Title: Bringing NIATx to Corrections: Lessons Learned from Three Pilot Studies Summary: To help connect people reentering their communities from jail or prison to substance use treatment, the CSG Justice Center partnered with NIATx-a learning collaborative that is part of the Center for Health Enhancement Systems Studies (CHESS) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison-to bring its process improvement model to corrections. Through a competitive application process, three pilot sites were selected to work with the CSG Justice Center and NIATx from 2011 to 2013: -DeKalb County, Georgia -Durham County, North Carolina -The State of Maryland This report documents the key lessons learned and recommendations to help criminal justice and substance use treatment systems improve transitions between institutional and community care. Details: Lexington, KY: Council of State Government Justice Center, 2016. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 27, 2016 at: https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BringingNIATxtoCorrectionsFullReport.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BringingNIATxtoCorrectionsFullReport.pdf Shelf Number: 137693 Keywords: Drug OffendersPrisoner ReentrySubstance Abuse TreatmentTreatment Programs |
Author: Hughes, Caitlin Title: Evaluation of Australian Capital Territory drug diversion programs Summary: Diversion refers to a variety of programs which divert alcohol and other drug (AOD) users into education and treatment responses or away from criminal justice system responses. Diversion has become one of the most used policy interventions in Australia (Hughes and Ritter 2008; Ritter et al. 2011). Once seen as controversial (Hughes 2009), it is now deemed an increasingly pragmatic response: increasing the capacity to reduce subsequent offending, reduce drug use and/or harmful use and decrease criminal justice costs. Relative to other states and territories, the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) has been a leader in drug diversion provision; the first jurisdiction to introduce a court drug diversion program (1989) and the second to introduce civil penalties for cannabis possession (1992). This report outlines an evaluation of the ACT AOD diversion programs commissioned by the ACT Health Directorate. It was conducted by the Drug Policy Modelling Program, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre and the ACT based consultancy Social Evaluation and Research in 2012. It used a systems approach, built on dialogue methods and incorporated collection of resources data and the development of a robust evaluation plan. The evaluation focussed on how the system of five programs operates together, rather than merely the inputs and outcomes of individual programs. This is a different approach to traditional methods of evaluation, and is based on the recognition that the outcomes from programs are often more affected by the intersections of programs, than any one individual program. Our work entailed the following components and associated questions: 1. Conceptual map of current system: What is the current map of the ACT drug diversion system in its entirety taking into account its contexts and the full range of programs? How are the programs delineated? How do clients move around the system? What outputs are being attained? 2. Resources: What resources are being allocated and what are the costs of service provision? 3. Evaluation roadmap: What indicators and evaluation designs can be established so as to assess implementation, outputs and outcomes (positive and negative, intended and unintended) from the ACT drug diversion system? 4. Future system: Where can improvements be made, including but not limited to program access, program barriers to be overcome, referral systems, program components and so on? Details: Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, 2014. 138p. Source: Internet Resource: Drug Policy Modeling Program Monograph 25: Accessed March 16, 2016 at: https://dpmp.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/dpmp/resources/DPMP%20MONO%2025.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Australia URL: https://dpmp.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/dpmp/resources/DPMP%20MONO%2025.pdf Shelf Number: 138250 Keywords: Diversion Programs Drug Abuse and Addiction Drug Offenders Drug Treatment Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Watt, Suzie Title: Reading drug and alcohol misuse needs assessment Summary: 1.1 The Reading Borough Council (RBC) drug and alcohol misuse needs assessment quantifies the extent of misuse of alcohol and drugs in Reading; the effect this is likely to have on people and thus on health and social care and other services, and on prevention and early interventions and, the nature of current services and treatment demand for substance misuse; and what might be done to better meet identified needs. 1.2 This needs assessment is a precursor to a revised strategy for drug and alcohol services in Reading which will be developed in the near future. 1.3 Contributors to the report include key stakeholders and partners for example, Clinical Commission Group's, Source (RBC's Young Persons Drug & Alcohol Treatment Service), IRiS (Adults Drug & Alcohol Treatment service provider), RBC's Parental Substance Misuse Service, Thames Valley Police and RBC Licensing/Trading Standards Team. Client feedback and/or experience is not reflected within the paper because this is a needs assessment and not a details proposal for how service might be changed in the light of a needs assessment. 1.4 In Reading, as in many other places, there has been a greater emphasis put on the treatment of drug misuse rather than alcohol misuse. Whilst drug-related deaths rates in the local population are higher than the England average, and in comparison to other Berkshire local authorities, the numbers remain small. In contrast, the figures in the needs assessment show that the health and social care and the wider societal effects of alcohol misuse are substantially greater than those of drug misuse. Details: Reading, UK: Reading Council, 2016. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 14, 2014 at: http://www.reading.gov.uk/media/4501/Item-15-Appendix/pdf/Item_15_Appendix.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.reading.gov.uk/media/4501/Item-15-Appendix/pdf/Item_15_Appendix.pdf Shelf Number: 138668 Keywords: AlcoholismDrug Abuse and AddictionSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Open Society Foundations Title: No Health, No Help: Abuse as Drug Rehabilitation in Latin American and the Caribbean Summary: Chaining, public humiliation, abduction, and prayer. If these were treatments offered for diabetes or heart disease, we would see them as cruel and abusive. Yet these are tactics used widely in centers for the "treatment and rehabilitation" of people who use drugs in Latin America and the Caribbean. These abusive centers often operate unlawfully and without medical or governmental supervision. People are often brought to these centers against their will, by family members, by police, or by gangs of center residents. Families are not aware of the conditions in the center, or don't know where else to turn. These practices run counter to evidence-based drug treatments recommended by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, and reveal how often drug dependency is treated as a moral failing rather than a medical condition. As regional governments prepare for the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on drugs in April, defining what truly constitutes a "public health approach" to drug policy is increasingly important. No Health, No Help: Abuse as Drug Rehabilitation in Latin America & the Caribbean is a compilation of reports by researchers and civil society in six countries - Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, and Puerto Rico. The report details the extreme human rights abuses occurring in the name of "rehabilitation," and offers recommendations for how governments can work to improve drug treatment in these countries. Details: New York: Open Society Foundations, 2016. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2016 at: https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/no-health-no-help-en-21060403.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Latin America URL: https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/no-health-no-help-en-21060403.pdf Shelf Number: 138911 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug OffendersDrug PolicyDrug TreatmentSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Finigan, Michael W. Title: Societal Outcomes and Cost Savings of Drug and Alcohol Treatment in the State of Oregon Summary: The NPC study was designed to overcome some of the methodological limitations of past studies of the benefits and costs of drug and/or alcohol treatment. The research design was created with a representative sample of treatment completers with a matched comparison group of clients who received little or no treatment; use of existing state agency databases rather than self-report data for maximum objectivity; and an adequate study period of 2 years prior and 3 years subsequent to treatment completion. The study results indicated that successful drug and alcohol treatment can have positive societal outcomes. While previous studies have shown the positive effects of treatment for the time period of 1 year, this study indicated that these gains are sustained over longer periods of time (up to 3 years). The study estimated the cost savings to taxpayers - either directly in their avoidance of criminal losses or indirectly in the avoidance of expenditure of their tax dollars - that accrue from the positive societal outcomes of treatment. Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research, Inc., 1996. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 19, 2016 at: http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/SOCS1.pdf Year: 1996 Country: United States URL: http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/SOCS1.pdf Shelf Number: 139102 Keywords: AlcoholismCost-Benefit AnalysisDrug AddictionDrug OffendersDrug TreatmentSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Molloy, Jennifer K. Title: Utah Cost of Crime. Therapeutic Communities in Security Settings for Substance-using Adult Offenders: Technical Report Summary: It has been estimated that between 70% and 85% of the U.S. prison population is in need of some level of substance abuse treatment (Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2009). The link between drug use and crime has been substantiated in an extensive body of research, leading many to the conclusion that treatment is a necessary component of preventing offenders from reoffending after release from custody (Harrison & Gfroerer, 1992; Lipton, 1998; Wexler, 1995). Therapeutic communities (TCs) are a treatment option commonly used in prisons or jails to address the substance abuse treatment needs of offenders while they are incarcerated. TCs are residential settings that use a hierarchical model of care combined with treatment stages that reflect increased levels of personal and social responsibility. Unlike other treatment models, TCs utilize a "community as method" approach that sees treatment staff and those in recovery as agents of change. TC members interact in structured and unstructured ways to influence attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors associated with drug use and antisocial activities. Another fundamental component of a TC is "self-help," where the individuals themselves are main contributors to the change process. Of all incarceration-based drug treatment programs, TCs are the most intensive and typically the longest in duration (6 to 12 months). Therapeutic Communities (TCs) were first implemented in U.S. psychiatric hospitals in the 1950s, extending to community-based substance abuse programs in the 1960s, and eventually to prisons in the late 1960s (Canode, 2007). The development of the prison TC model can be attributed to a rapidly increasing prison population and a growing awareness of the link between drugs and crime (Wexler & Prendergast, 2010). TCs were developed as an offshoot of the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) model in order to treat "hard core" heroin-dependent criminals. Subsequently, the model has evolved to include a broader perspective and population, serving individuals from a diverse demographic who are severely dependent on drugs (Gerstein, 1992; Wexler, 1995). The success of the TC model has led to its application with specific populations including women (Sacks et al., 2008), inmates with co-occurring disorders (Sacks, Banks, McKendrick, & Sacks, 2008), and youth (Gordon, 2002). Details: Salt Lake City: Utah Criminal Justice Center, University of Utah, 2012. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 23, 2016 at: http://ucjc.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/TC-Technical-Report_v03192013.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://ucjc.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/TC-Technical-Report_v03192013.pdf Shelf Number: 139123 Keywords: Drug Abuse and crimeDrug OffendersDrug TreatmentSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Molloy, Jennifer K. Title: Utah Cost of Crime. Therapeutic Communities in Secure Settings for Substance-abusing Offenders (Juveniles): Technical Report Summary: Between 70% and 85% of the U.S. prison population is in need of some level of substance abuse treatment (Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2009). The link between drug use and crime has been substantiated in an extensive body of research, leading many to the conclusion that treatment is a necessary component of preventing offenders from reoffending after release from custody (Harrison & Gfroerer, 1992; Lipton, 1998; Wexler, 1995). Therapeutic communities (TCs) are a treatment option commonly used in prisons or jails to address the substance abuse treatment needs of offenders while they are incarcerated. TCs are residential settings that use a hierarchical model of care combined with treatment stages that reflect increased levels of personal and social responsibility. Unlike other treatment models, TCs utilize a "community as method" approach that sees treatment staff and those in recovery as agents of change. TC members interact in structured and unstructured ways to influence attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors associated with drug use and antisocial activities. Another fundamental component of a TC is "self-help," where the individuals themselves are main contributors to the change process. Of all incarceration-based drug treatment programs, TCs are the most intensive and typically the longest in duration (6 to 12 months). Therapeutic Communities (TCs) were first implemented in U.S. psychiatric hospitals in the 1950s, extending to community-based substance abuse programs in the 1960s, and eventually to prisons in the late 1960s (Canode, 2007). The development of the prison TC model can be attributed to a rapidly increasing prison population and a growing awareness of the link between drugs and crime (Wexler & Prendergast, 2010). TCs were developed as an offshoot of the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) model in order to treat "hard core" heroin-dependent criminals. Subsequently, the model has evolved to include a broader perspective and population, serving individuals from a diverse demographic who are severely dependent on drugs (Gerstein, 1992; Wexler, 1995). The success of the TC model has led to its application with specific populations including women (Sacks et al., 2008), inmates with co-occurring disorders (Sacks, Banks, McKendrick, & Sacks, 2008), and youth (Gordon, 2002). Details: Salt Lake City: Utah Criminal Justice Center, University of Utah. 2012. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 23, 2016 at: http://ucjc.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/TC-Technical-Report_updateformat.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://ucjc.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/TC-Technical-Report_updateformat.pdf Shelf Number: 139129 Keywords: Drug OffendersEvidence-Based ProgramsJuvenile CorrectionsJuvenile OffendersSubstance Abuse OfficersSubstance Abuse TreatmentTreatment Programs |
Author: Scaggs, Samuel Title: An Assessment of Substance Abuse Treatment Programs in Florida's Prisons Using a Random Assignment Experimental Design Summary: Prior drug involvement and dependence among incarcerated offenders is a critical issue for correctional administrators and policy makers given the financial impact of treatment costs and recidivism. While substance-addicted inmates can cause financial burdens on correctional institutions, they are also at a high risk of recidivism following their release from incarceration. Targeting inmates' substance addiction needs while in prison is intended to reduce reoffending and relapse following prison release. The exact nature of substance abuse treatment within prison systems has yet to be fully examined within the criminological literature. Specifically, while there has been extensive research on the use and effectiveness of therapeutic communities with inmates, other treatment modalities such as outpatient services have received less inquiry. This study provides an important contribution to the understanding of the role substance abuse treatment plays for inmates' in several key ways. First, we evaluate the results of a randomized experimental design study conducted by the Florida Department of Corrections (FDC) from January 2006 through December 2008 in which all inmates admitted to a Florida prison were given the opportunity to consent to participate in a study of the effectiveness of substance abuse treatment programming in prison. Second, the study assesses the impact of multiple modalities of prison−based substance abuse treatment, as well as the role that duration and recency of treatment play in the recidivism and post−prison employment outcomes of over 11,000 released inmates. Third, we use multiple statistical techniques, including logistic regression, survival analysis, Propensity Score Matching (PSM), and precision matching, to assess whether, and to what extent, evaluation outcome studies of correctional-based substance abuse treatment are impacted by the type of research design and statistical methods used. Among the major findings are that aftercare and transitional substance abuse programming has some of the largest effects of increasing employment and reducing recidivism. In addition, among inmates who complete substance abuse treatment, those who do so closer to their release from prison are less likely to recidivate. Another important finding is that some research methods produce similarities in the direction of the effect while others produce different directions in the effect of the same treatment on recidivism. Notably, the strongest design - random assignment - showed the most support for prison-based treatment's effectiveness in reducing recidivism. Due to the non-significance of the majority of results across methods, it was difficult to draw conclusions about similarities across statistical methods in this study. We conclude with a discussion of the policy implications and directions for future research on the effectiveness of prison−based substance abuse treatment. Details: Tallahassee: Florida Department of Correction; Florida State University College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2015. 108p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 1, 2016 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249843.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249843.pdf Shelf Number: 139265 Keywords: Correctional ProgramsDrug Abuse and AddictionDrug OffendersDrug Treatment ProgramsRecidivismSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Rosario, Giselle Title: Evaluation Summary of the Life Skills Training Program Summary: This research report provides evaluation results for the Life Skills Training (LST) program implemented in Edmonton, Alberta. LST is a prevention program targeting adolescent drug and alcohol use. Implementing and evaluating model programs provides an opportunity to assess what factors contribute to changes amongst different target populations in a variety of contexts. This evaluation research study was conducted between 2010 and 2014 and was adapted to an Aboriginal population. Valid conclusions regarding the effect of the LST program on substance use onset was unable to be drawn from the data available, as the project experienced challenges with enrolment, participant retention and drop-outs. Qualitative findings on most variables, however, were positive. Details: Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2016. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report: 2015-R013: Accessed June 8, 2016 at: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2016-r013/2016-r013-en.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Canada URL: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2016-r013/2016-r013-en.pdf Shelf Number: 139327 Keywords: Drug Abuse Drug Abuse Treatment Life Skills Training Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Kevin, Maria Title: A Process Evaluation of the Intensive Drug and Alcohol Treatment Program (IDATP). Study One: Program Establishment, Design and Appropriateness Summary: NSW 2021 Priority Action Establish dedicated metropolitan drug treatment facilities focussed on treatment, rehabilitation and keeping drugs out of prisons Foreward The CSNSW Intensive Drug and Alcohol Treatment Program (IDATP), an initiative of the current NSW government which opened in February 2012, is the largest prison -based residential drug treatment program in the southern hemisphere. While drug treatment had been available in NSW prisons for more than 20 years, the NSW government identified the need to strengthen drug treatment for prisoners and provide a new approach to rehabilitation. At the time of writing, the IDATP was an intensive nine-month program, targeted at medium to high risk male prisoners with drug abuse pr oblems and related dynamic criminogenic needs. The program aimed to prevent relapse to drug use and reoffending. It also aimed to improve the social functioning, health and well-being and post-release prospects of participants. Aside from its large capacity, what distinguished the IDATP's design from the existing programs was an intensive structure combined with a greater emphasis on the integration of a range of interventions and techniques. It operated as a modified therapeutic community, which was deli neated into three explicit program stages - Orientation, Treatment and Maintenance. These treatment stages were designed to bring about incremental degrees of psychological and social learning. The primary modalities were the community living units, therapeutic groups , education, employment, pharmacotherapy and aftercare. As of July 2014, the program had been continually operational for 30 months. More than 300 male prisoners had participated in the program and the women's program - Yallul Kaliarna had recently opened. This preliminary study endeavoured to examine program establish ment, design and appropriateness. The next phase of the evaluation will examine how well the context of the program has been implemented. Details: Sydney: Corrective Services NSW, 2015. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Publication No. 54: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://www.correctiveservices.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Related%20Links/publications-and-policies/cres/research-publications/idapt-process-study-one-report-2014.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: http://www.correctiveservices.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Related%20Links/publications-and-policies/cres/research-publications/idapt-process-study-one-report-2014.pdf Shelf Number: 139911 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseDrug Abuse and AddictionDrug TreatmentSubstance AbuseSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Curran, Meghan E. Title: Substance Abuse treatment Programs in Corrections: An Integrated Approach Summary: Nearly 70 percent of the offender population has a problem with substance abuse. Treatment is an important component for those individuals who struggle with substance abuse, not only to help with their addiction but also to decrease future recidivism. Despite the promising nature of research on drug abuse treatment , many offenders are not able to obtain the appropriate treatment services. In addition to the concern over lack of relevant services, there are also barriers to implementing effective treatment programs that serve the needs of the offender population. Integrated services between correctional and public health treatment agencies are recommended to improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the justice system while positively impacting offenders to achieve a break from the cycle of incarceration. This study examined factors that predict integration of services among a survey of correctional administrators. Competing values theory was the framework for this analysis due to the varying decisions criminal justice administrators face about the type of correctional programs to offer and how to integrate services with other organizations or agencies , including substance abuse treatment. A tension exists between punishing offenders and providing offenders with treatment programs , depending on administrators' views regarding the goal of corrections. Regression models tested the hypotheses about factors that affect integrated services. Organizational factors, personal characteristics of administrators, and structural factors were used to examine the degree to which services are integrated, and were found to be statistically significant. In a series of separate models examining the impact of each independent variable on integration, there were statistically significant findings for organizational culture and beliefs about crime and punishment on level of integration of services. In the multivariate models, organizational factors, personal characteristics of criminal justice administrators, and structural factors combined to result in the greatest percentage of explanation of integration of services. Despite significant findings in both the individual and nested models, the independent variables predicted small percentages of the dependent variable (1.1 percent for organizational culture, 1.3 percent for rehabilitative beliefs, 1.7 percent for traditional sanctions, and 16.9 percent when combining all three sets of independent variables) , indicating that there are many other factors impacting service integration not tested in the current study. The research has policy implications due to the recent passage of the Affordable Care Act and the subsequent move towards a health care system that provides coverage for offenders released from prison and those under community corrections. Having access to health care may help offenders obtain needed substance abuse treatment services. From a theoretical perspective, the study contributes to the literature in the field by using competing values theory at the level of the individual worker (criminal justice administrator). Future research should examine other factors impacting integration, such as resource availability, facility location, and barriers to treatment within the organization. Details: Fairfax, VA: George Mason University, 2014. 138p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: http://digilib.gmu.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1920/8833/Curran_gmu_0883E_10528.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://digilib.gmu.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1920/8833/Curran_gmu_0883E_10528.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 140155 Keywords: Correctional Treatment ProgramsDrug Offender TreatmentDrug OffendersSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Bondurant, Samuel R. Title: Substance Abuse Treatment Centers and Local Crime Summary: In this paper we estimate the effects of expanding access to substance-abuse treatment on local crime. We do so using an identification strategy that leverages variation driven by substance abuse-treatment facility openings and closings measured at the county level. The results indicate that substance-abuse-treatment facilities reduce both violent and financially motivated crimes in an area, and that the effects are particularly pronounced for relatively serious crimes. The effects on homicides are documented across three sources of homicide data. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper 22610: Accessed September 7, 2016 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w22610.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w22610.pdf Shelf Number: 147857 Keywords: Crime ReductionHomicidesSubstance Abuse TreatmentSubstance Abuse Treatment FacilitiesViolent Crime |
Author: Butts, Jeffrey A. Title: Reclaiming Futures and Organizing Justice for Drug-Using Youth Summary: Reclaiming Futures is an organizational change initiative that supports coordinated and individualized responses for justice-involved youth with problematic substance use issues. The initiative is managed by Portland State University's Regional Research Institute and Graduate School of Social Work in Portland, Oregon. It began in 2001 by working with 10 communities across the United States. Fifteen years later, more than 40 jurisdictions have already implemented, or are currently implementing, the Reclaiming Futures approach. First funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), the initiative targets six stages of the youth justice system: screening, assessment, service coordination, initiation of services, engagement of families and youth, and transitioning to community support. Reclaiming Futures is not a treatment program, although the quality of substance abuse treatment is relevant. It is a strategy for improving the focus and coordination of interventions for justice-involved youth with substance abuse issues. As such, its effectiveness cannot be evaluated solely by measuring youth outcomes like recidivism and renewed drug use. Recent research, however, suggests that it may have positive effects on those outcomes as well. In the first evaluation of Reclaiming Futures, a research team from the Urban Institute and the University of Chicago estimated the initiative's impact in the first 10 sites by conducting surveys of system actors and their community partners (Butts and Roman 2007). The study's questionnaire measured perceptions of juvenile justice and substance abuse treatment systems on three major dimensions (administration, collaboration, and service quality). In 2015, the Research & Evaluation Center at John Jay College of Criminal Justice administered the same questionnaire in 24 communities implementing Reclaiming Futures. The study compares the perceptions of people working in Reclaiming Futures communities today with those of similar colleagues from nearly ten years ago. Nine of 24 sites in this study participated in the 2007 study as well, but the respondents in 2015 were not the same as those surveyed in the earlier evaluation. Thus, the study compares similar but distinct samples of youth services professionals at two different points in time. Nearly half (49%) the invited respondents completed surveys in 2015 (N=128). When researchers isolated findings from the nine sites that participated in both the original 2007 evaluation and the most recent survey, the data suggest that communities with the strongest engagement in Reclaiming Futures tend to have more positive perceptions of their youth justice and substance abuse treatment systems, including key facets of administration, collaboration, and overall system quality. In communities where the original survey scores increased significantly during the early years of Reclaiming Futures, improvements were sustained through 2015. Thus, robust implementation of Reclaiming Futures may be associated with lasting improvements in system operations. Details: New York, NY: Research & Evaluation Center, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, 2016. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 13, 2016 at: https://jjrec.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/recfutures2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://jjrec.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/recfutures2016.pdf Shelf Number: 14937 Keywords: Drug OffendersJuvenile OffendersSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Engleman, Laura Title: Evaluation of the OTMA and ASUS-R among Colorado offenders Summary: The current study sought to: 1) conduct a thorough literature review to explore assessment approaches and quality (including the issues of clinical judgment vs. statistical prediction, the accuracy of self-report data, and treatment matching); 2) evaluation the measurement characteristics of the ASUS-R and OTMA scales that assess substance use/abuse and substance dependence; 3) select the best substance abuse severity measure, considering psychometric properties as well as administration time, ease of use, cost, training, and staffing. Details: Denver, CO: Colorado Interagency Advisory Committee on Adult and Juvenile Correctional Treatment, 2012. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 14, 2016 at: http://hermes.cde.state.co.us/drupal/islandora/object/co%3A11606 Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://hermes.cde.state.co.us/drupal/islandora/object/co%3A11606 Shelf Number: 147862 Keywords: Correctional Treatment ProgramsDrug OffendersPrisonsSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Schmitz, Stephanie J. Title: A Multiple Indicator Analysis of Drug and Alcohol Use in LaPorte County: 2008-2012 Summary: Overall Drug Treatment Trends Drug treatment trends show mostly stable cocaine and methamphetamine episodes, while the increase in heroin and other opiates has increased tremendously and alcohol treatments have dropped significantly. In spite of these changes, the most common substance for which LaPorte area residents entered treatment continues to be alcohol. In both 2008 and 2011, the most recent year data was available, alcohol treatment admissions compromised the largest percentage of admissions. - The most common illicit substance for which LaPorte County residents sought treatment in 2011 was for heroin, which increased by more than 560% over a three year period. - Combined, treatment admissions for opiate pills and heroin use represented 46% of all illicit drug treatment episodes in LaPorte County in 2011. This percentage was just 29% in 2008. - Opiate pill treatment admissions increased 250%, from 16 cases in 2008 to 56 in 2011. This represents a tripling in opiate pill treatment admissions. Alcohol Indicators: Treatment and Law Enforcement Data While alcohol treatment episodes still comprise nearly half of all admissions in LaPorte County in 2011, these numbers represent a significant decline from 2008 numbers, when alcohol made up nearly threefourths of all treatment admissions. - The number of individuals admitted for alcohol use disorder decreased by 17%, from 295 cases in 2008 to 244 cases in 2011. - Individuals under aged 30 made up slightly more than 40% of all alcohol treatment episodes, and this percentage remained relatively stable over time. - The majority of people entering treatment for alcohol in LaPorte County (75%) was white in both 2008 and 2011. - The most notable change in alcohol treatment admissions occurred among women, as their admissions for alcohol treatment increased 14% from 2008 to 2011. - Treatment admissions for males decreased 28% from 2008 to 2011. - Data from the Sherriffs Office demonstrated a 46% decrease in Operating While Intoxicated (OWI) arrests in four years, from 334 arrests in 2008 to 180 arrests in 2012. - Public drunkenness offenses also decreased by 45% during the years 2008 to 2012. - Michigan City Police also saw significant decreases in the numbers of individuals arrested for OWI offenses - nearly 60% in the four year period 2008 to 2012. - Among juvenile probationers, the number of ABC status offenses (underage alcohol use) decreased by 12%, from 196 in 2008 to 173 in 2012. - In 2012, only 5 of the 10 fatal car collisions that occurred in LaPorte County were the result of alcohol, down from 8 in 2008 and 10 in 2011. Heroin Indicators: Treatment and Law Enforcement Data Heroin treatment admissions exploded from 2008 to 2011, making heroin the most significant emergent drug threat to LaPorte County over the past several years. Treatment admissions for heroin increased by 560% in just three years, from 20 admissions in 2008 to 132 admissions in 2011. - The majority of people entering treatment for heroin -75% - were under age 30 in 2011. Age of first use is a significant concern because the trajectory of heroin use and dependency can result in considerable long-term health and financial consequences for the individual. - Heroin appears to be problem among only white individuals in LaPorte County. Of those entering treatment for heroin in 2011, all admissions excluding one multiracial individual, were for white LaPorte County residents. No African American individuals entered treatment for heroin in 2011. - Women and men were equally likely to enter treatment for heroin in 2011 (63 versus 69), invalidating the assumption that only males use hard drugs like heroin. Findings from the key informant interviews also verify that women are as likely to report heroin use as men. - LaPorte City Metro Operations data indicates that the largest increases in drug arrests were heroin-related offenses, which increased 290%, from 10 arrests in 2008 to 39 arrests in 2012. Marijuana Indicators: Treatment and Law Enforcement Data Marijuana treatment admissions in LaPorte County more than doubled during the 2008-2011 period. The number of LaPorte residents receiving treatment for marijuana increased by 126%, from 46 episodes in 2008 to 104 episodes in 2011. - The majority of people receiving treatment for marijuana were under age 30 in 2008 and 2011. In 2008, those under the age of 30 comprised 76% of marijuana treatment episodes, while in 2011, this number had dropped slightly to 69%. - The fastest growing treatment admissions occurred among the 30 to 39 year old age cohort. This cohort comprised only 15 percent of treatment episodes in 2008, but rose to nearly 25% in 2011. - Treatment admissions for African American individuals increased more rapidly than treatment episodes for whites during 2008-2011. However, white individuals made up the majority of treatment episodes in both 2008 and 2011. - Women made up about one-fourth of marijuana admissions in 2008, but made up about onethird of marijuana treatment admissions in 2011 - Michigan City Metro Operations data showed that marijuana arrests increased about 50%, from 142 arrests in 2008 to 192 arrests in 2012. - Among juveniles, Michigan City Metro Operations data demonstrated a 65% increase in marijuana possessions offenses, from 20 arrests in 2008 to 33 arrests in 2012. Opiate Pill Indicators: Treatment and Law Enforcement Data In addition to heroin, opiate pills such as Vicodin, oxycodone and others, represent a significant drug problem in LaPorte County. As has been noted in current research, approximately 75% of new heroin users transition to heroin following a period of opiate pill use. Once the pills become difficult or costly to acquire, it becomes easier and less expensive to use heroin. Key informants have suggested that this is happening in the LaPorte treatment population well. Therefore, the opiate pills users of today may become tomorrows heroin users. - Key informant interviews among hospital staff and law enforcement indicated that opiate pill use was an increasing and serious problem in the county. - Treatment admissions for other opiate pills increased significantly from 2008 to 2011. In just three years, these admissions rose 250%, from 16 individuals in 2008 to 56 individuals in 2011. - Patients treated for opiates tended to be significantly older than patients treated for heroin use. In 2011, about 51% of those treated for opiates, excluding heroin, were aged 30 and older. The most rapid growth in treatment episodes occurred among the 30 to 39 age cohort. Although the number of cases was small, the number of admissions among this cohort increased 700%, from 2 cases in 2008 to 16 cases in 2011 - The majority of those entering treatment for opiates other than heroin in 2011 were White, with just two cases reporting another race besides White and 6 cases unreported. No African Americans in LaPorte were admitted into treatment for opiates in 2011. - In 2011, the number of women entering treatment for opiates surpassed the number of men entering treatment for opiates (33% versus 23%). This differs from the gender profile in 2008, as males and females entered treatment for opiates at the same rate during that year. - Arrests for opioid pills reported by LaPorte City Metro Operations increased 480%, from 5 arrests in 2008 to 29 arrests in 2012. Cocaine Indicators: Treatment and Law Enforcement Data While cocaine treatment admissions increased slightly, they remained lower than treatment admissions for most other drugs except methamphetamine. The low number of cocaine treatment admissions in LaPorte County coincides with national treatment trends indicating a reduction in cocaine treatment admissions overall. As more individuals initiate to heroin and opiate use, the number of individuals seeking treatment for cocaine should continue to decrease over the next few years. - In 2011, nearly half of all individuals admitted to treatment were age 30 or older. This suggests that cocaine users in LaPorte County are an aging cohort overall, and key informant interview data with treatment providers support this hypothesis. However, there is a bimodal distribution among those admitted to treatment for cocaine in LaPorte County. The two largest cohorts were those in their 20s (12 cases) and those in their 40s (13 cases) in 2011. - Treatment admissions among white individuals increased during this time period, while treatment admissions among African American individuals remained stable. Overall, whites were much more likely to enter treatment for cocaine than were African Americans (26% versus 10%). - Females were more likely than males to be admitted to treatment for cocaine in both 2008 and 2011. Females comprised 60% of the LaPorte cocaine treatment admissions in 2008 and 2011 and males comprised 40% of the cocaine treatment admissions during those years. - LaPorte City Metro Operations data showed a dramatic 55% reduction in arrests for cocaine, from 62 arrests in 2008 to 28 arrests in 2012. - Michigan City Metro Operations data also showed a 45% decline in the number of arrests for cocaine possession, from 20 arrests in 2008 to just 11 in 2012. Methamphetamines: Treatment and Law Enforcement Data Methamphetamines are a decreasing problem in LaPorte County. Several years ago, the county was asked to prepare for the possibility of methamphetamine production and use among residents, particularly because the county does include some rural communities and these are the areas hardest hit by methamphetamine use. Since that time, the methamphetamine problem has remained very small and seemingly very contained. As of 2011, there were just 4 treatment episodes related to methamphetamine. Law enforcement indicators remain stable. We expect that methamphetamine use, arrests and production labs should continue to remain stable or decline over the next few years. Drugs and Mortality in LaPorte County Interview and data retrieved from the coroners office indicates that in 2012, 35 individuals died from an accidental drug overdose. Of these deaths, 57% included death from heroin alone (5 cases) or in combination with another drug (15). About 43% of deaths due to drugs in the county were unrelated to heroin use. These data suggest that heroin related mortality is a large and growing problem in LaPorte County. Further, the number of individuals who died from drug-induced causes was significantly greater than those killed by alcohol-related car collisions or from alcohol period. Details: Chicago: Roosevelt University, 2013. 128p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2016 at: https://www.roosevelt.edu/CAS/CentersAndInstitutes/IMA/Publications.aspx Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: https://www.roosevelt.edu/CAS/CentersAndInstitutes/IMA/Publications.aspx Shelf Number: 147890 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseDrug Abuse and AddictionDrug Abuse TreatmentSubstance AbuseSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing Title: Pennsylvania's State Intermediate Punishment Program Summary: - The State Intermediate Punishment [SIP] Program is a two-year substance abuse treatment program for eligible offenders sentenced to state prison. - The SIP program became effective in May 2005. As of March 2015: 0 22,935 offenders had been sentenced to the Department of Corrections who were statutorily eligible for the SIP Program - 5,389 offenders [24%] had been evaluated for the SIP Program - Among those evaluated 4,584 offenders [85%] had been admitted to the SIP Program. Of those admitted into the Program: - 2,542 offenders [56%] had successfully completed the SIP Program - 1,029 offenders [20%] had been expelled from the SIP Program - 1,013 offenders [22%] were still enrolled in the SIP Program - As a result of concerns about the underutilization of SIP, the Commission had recommended that the Legislature review the ineligibility criteria for SIP, as well as allow greater discretion to the sentencing court for SIP consideration. Act 122 of 2012 revised statute to incorporate these recommendations. The statute went into effect on July 1, 2013 and increased the number of offenders eligible for SIP by 23% in 2014. The actual number of additional offenders in 2014 was 572, which was within the Commission's estimated range of 369 to 994. - Judges in 63 of Pennsylvania's 67 counties have sentenced offenders to the SIP program. - The majority of offenders approved for SIP were male, white, and had an average age of 34 years. Most offenders were convicted of drug delivery or DUI offenses and a large percentage of the offenders had been previously arrested for a drug or property offense. - Offenders were more likely to complete SIP if they were: older, female, white, convicted of a drug delivery or DUI offense, had fewer prior arrests, had a prior DUI offense, and had a low score on the criminal attitudes assessment scale [CSS-M]. - After three years, 36% of the SIP completers recidivated, compared to 66% of those who were expelled and 54% of those who were eligible for SIP but sentenced to prison instead. When controlling for other factors, offenders who completed SIP were significantly less likely to recidivate than offenders sentenced to prison, and offenders who were expelled from SIP were significantly more likely to recidivate than those who completed SIP or those who went to prison. - Offenders were also more likely to recidivate if they had been convicted of a property offense [compared to a drug delivery or DUI offense], had a greater number of prior arrests, had a prior drug offense, were male, and were younger. Details: Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing, 2016. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: 2016 Report to the Legislature: Accessed October 12, 2016 at: http://pcs.la.psu.edu/publications-and-research/research-and-evaluation-reports/state-intermediate-punishment/sip-2016-report-to-the-legislature/view Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://pcs.la.psu.edu/publications-and-research/research-and-evaluation-reports/state-intermediate-punishment/sip-2016-report-to-the-legislature/view Shelf Number: 145424 Keywords: Drug OffendersDrug TreatmentIntermediate PunishmentsRecidivismSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: LeCroy & Milligan Associates, Inc. Title: Compass Behavioral Health Care Greater Arizona Reintegration Services Project (GARSP) Bi-annual Report October 2012 Summary: This bi-annual report presents the findings of the Greater Arizona Reintegration Services Project (GARSP) evaluation for the cumulative Year 2 time-frame of October 1, 2011 to September 30, 2012. GARSP is a project of Compass Behavior Health Care (CBHC) and is funded by a grant from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The report presents data required by SAMHSA, results of the implementation study, recommendations for continued program improvement, and next steps of the evaluation. CBHC was awarded an Offender Reentry Program (ORP) grant from SAMHSA to expand and enhance substance abuse treatment and related recovery and reentry services to adult offenders (ages 18 and over), returning to Pima County from several Arizona prisons. GARSP has four primary goals: 1) to increase statewide collaborative efforts to reduce recidivism, substance abuse/use and increase self-sufficiency and stability among the offender population; 2) to promote sobriety and improved mental health status among participants; 3) to provide participants with a continuum of treatment and supportive services; and 4) to provide treatment and support services with evidence-based practices to improve the ability of each individual to achieve self-sufficiency and stability. Details: Tucson, AZ: LeCroy & Milligan Associates, 2012. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 12, 2016 at: http://www.lecroymilligan.com/data/resources/compassgarspyear-2-annual-reportfinal10-22-2012-1.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.lecroymilligan.com/data/resources/compassgarspyear-2-annual-reportfinal10-22-2012-1.pdf Shelf Number: 145404 Keywords: Drug TreatmentMental Health ServicesPrisoner ReentrySubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: LeCroy & Milligan Associates, Inc. Title: Drug Treatment Education Fund Program Evaluation Final Report Summary: Overview The Drug Treatment and Education Fund (DTEF) was established in April 1996 with the enactment of A.R.S. 13-901.01 by the Arizona Legislature. The act requires that... first and second time non-violent offenders who are convicted of personal possession or use of a controlled substance be diverted from prison and sentenced to probation and drug treatment and that a fund be created (A.R.S 13-901.02), which receives revenue from a tax on liquors, to provide substance abuse education and treatment services as mandated by the Act. The Arizona Supreme Court, Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC), administers the funds to each of the fifteen county probation departments in Arizona and provides oversight and reporting. A total of $3,297,020 was distributed to all adult probation departments (counties) in FY2006. Counties are required to screen probationers sentenced under A.R.S. 13.901.01 (mandatory cases) for substance abuse problems and refer them to appropriate treatment. Counties may also use the DTEF for "discretionary" cases, that is, for probationers who were screened and determined to need treatment but were not "mandatory" cases. LeCroy & Milligan Associates, Inc. conducted an evaluation to provide information for improvements to the DTEF programs in the fifteen county adult probation departments. The counties' practices were compared to the DTEF legislated operational code (DTEF code) and to the National Institute of Drug Abuse Principles of Drug Abuse Treatment for Criminal Justice Populations (NIDA principles). A limited and preliminary analysis of probationers' substance abuse treatment completion rates and probation outcomes was conducted. Profiles of the fifteen counties were developed to summarize the local level DTEF processes and substance abuse treatment characteristics. The results are based on these profiles. Details: Tucson, AZ: LeCroy & Milligan Associates, 2007. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 12, 2016 at: http://www.lecroymilligan.com/data/resources/dtef-program-evaluation-final-report-aug-9-1.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: http://www.lecroymilligan.com/data/resources/dtef-program-evaluation-final-report-aug-9-1.pdf Shelf Number: 140686 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug OffendersDrug Treatment ProgramsProbationSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Phillips, Michael R. Title: Intermediate Sanctions for Juvenile Offenders: A Utah Juvenile Court Case Study Summary: In an effort to reduce juvenile recidivism - the return to criminal behavior after leaving the juvenile court - authorities in Utah adopted a new statewide intermediate sanction system in which each district could choose a treatment component. Noting the high rate of substance abuse among juvenile offenders, the Fourth District Juvenile Court chose to implement the Narconon drug rehabilitation program through a Utah licensed not-for-profit called NewLife, integrating it within court-directed probation services. The Narconon program, an outpatient service based on secular materials developed by L. Ron Hubbard, consists of a series of modules to address physical aspects of substance abuse as well as underlying social and life skills that may be deficient in young abusers. Participants complete a detoxification program designed to eliminate drug cravings by improving nutritional status and reducing body stores of drug residues. The detoxification regimen includes exercise, sauna and vitamin-mineral supplementation. The Narconon program also includes self-paced training in study habits and communication (oral and written). Additional training materials address the subjects of moral and ethical standards, how to set and achieve goals, and personal responsibility. This program was implemented in partnership with court officials and probation officers in the Fourth District Juvenile Court, in the context of implementing new juvenile sentencing guidelines for State Supervision. The court hoped to reduce the rate at which these youths penetrated deeper into the justice system, and to achieve a reduction in placement costs. It should be noted that the District had saved "the worst of the worst" for this trial program (knowing in advance it was coming several months prior to its implementation). More than half were candidates for confinement or community placement (removal from their homes) rather than state supervision, the new sentencing guideline's last-chance sanction. This tracking report examines the extent to which the court's goals were achieved. It does not attempt to identify or explore positive or negative factors outside of the Narconon program that might have contributed to the outcome. Participants in the Narconon program, whether they completed the program or not, showed a 77.7 percent reduction in criminal activity. Program completion intensified the desired change of behavior. Seventy-four of the 100 juveniles completed the intervention. Of these, 63.5 percent remained completely misdemeanor and felony free for the remainder of their juvenile history. Based on a combined analysis of juvenile and adult records, 32.4 percent retained this crime-free state for four years post-treatment. A placement analysis revealed that the goal of reducing placement and related costs was also achieved. The success of this partnership suggests new possibilities for treatment and intervention and for reducing costs associated with juvenile crime. Details: Los Angeles: Foundation for Advancement, 2015. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed october 15, 2016 at: http://www.criminon.org/studies/fase.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.criminon.org/studies/fase.pdf Shelf Number: 147288 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationIntermediate SanctionsJuvenile CourtJuvenile OffendersJuvenile ProbationSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Zafft, Kathryn Marie Title: Can Drug Courts Improve Public Safety? Exploring the Impacts of Drug Court on Crime Summary: Drug courts represent one of the largest and most widespread criminal justice programs specifically developed to provide treatment and intensive supervision to drug-involved offenders. Most of the literature about the effects of drug court programs involves individual-level analyses of recidivism or drug use for program participants. Very little is known about the broader community-wide impact of drug courts on public safety measures. The current research uses a subset of 63 drug court jurisdictions (cities and counties) drawn from a systematic review of drug court programs to assess the impact of program implementation on crime and arrest rates. A fixed-effects analysis was used to assess whether drug court implementation was associated with significant changes in specific types of violent and property crime rates. Changes in arrest rates for violent, property and drug crimes were also examined, and differential effects were explored based on effectiveness of the drug court in reducing participant recidivism and jurisdictional population size. Results indicate that drug courts are associated with decreases in overall crime rates, with marked decreases in burglary, property, and robbery rates. Drug court implementation was associated with increases in drug arrests and decreases in homicide arrests. Small jurisdictions with average populations of less than 100,000 people were found to have a different pattern of results when measuring both crime and arrest rates. These results are discussed within the context of understanding the broader policy impacts of drug court implementation. Details: College Park, MD: University of Maryland, College Park, 2014. 105p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed October 17, 2016 at: http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/16267/Zafft_umd_0117E_15765.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/16267/Zafft_umd_0117E_15765.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 144871 Keywords: Drug CourtsDrug OffendersDrug TreatmentProblem-Solving CourtsSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Sperber, Kimberly Gentry Title: Factors Influencing Medication-Assisted Treatment in Ohio Halfway Houses and Community-Based Correctional Facilities Summary: Recent years have witnessed an alarming increase in the number of people dependent on opiates. Nationally, opiate overdose is the second leading cause of injury related death, surpassed only by car accidents. In Ohio, accidental overdoses has been the leading cause of death since 2007. In fact, there has been a 472% increase in drug overdose deaths from 1999 to 2013. An increase in opiate dependent people means that community corrections programs are seeing a dramatic increase in admissions of opiate dependent offenders. This is not surprising given that the link between opiate use and crime is well established. The Center for Health and Human Services Research at Talbert House completed a study based on previous National Institutes of Health studies that have examined: (1) barriers to MAT within private and public substance abuse treatment programs and (2) counselor attitudes toward MAT. This study was replicated in halfway houses and Community Based Correctional Facilities (CBCF) across Ohio and assesses attitudes of both treatment and security staff in these programs. All Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections (ODRC)-funded halfway houses and CBCFs were invited to participate in the study. All but two programs elected to participate. Data were collected through two mechanisms. The first was an in-depth structured, face-to-face interview with key staff including Program Directors, Clinical Supervisors, a representative of the medical staff, and at least two clinical/direct service staff. An interview guide was used to gather information on key independent variables within a number of domains. Examples of these domains include organizational structure, organizational resources, dominant treatment philosophy and types of services offered, availability of medical personnel, funding sources, exposure to and understanding of MAT research findings, referral source support for MAT, staff support for MAT, concerns associated with providing MAT to offenders, and client characteristics. A total of 181 staff participated in interviews for this study. The second mechanism was the administration of anonymous surveys to all staff at each facility. These surveys assessed knowledge about MAT, beliefs about the effectiveness and appropriateness of MAT for offenders, and endorsement of myths about MAT. 1876 surveys were distributed, and 910 were returned for a response rate of 49%. Interview and survey questions asked about MAT in general as well as about specific medications (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone), where appropriate. Survey items were rated on a Likert scale. Major Findings A total of 49 facilities participated in the study. Interviews with the Program Directors of these facilities demonstrated that 17 of the programs did not allow any access to MAT at the time of the interview while 13 programs directly prescribed addiction medication to clients with opioid disorders, and an additional 19 programs allowed clients to access addiction medications through an external provider during their stay in the facility. Of the 13 programs providing MAT, 62% prescribed oral naltrexone, 46% prescribed injectable naltrexone, and 62% prescribed buprenorphine. No programs prescribed or allowed access to methadone. While many programs had begun to implement various forms of MAT, interview results showed that the programs faced a number of barriers to implementing comprehensive MAT services including: infrastructure, financial, workforce development, and stakeholder support. 63.3% of the facilities did not have access to medically supervised detoxification services for the clients they serve. Response patterns indicated financial barriers to hiring medical staff. Respondents indicated difficulties finding medical staff willing to provide services within correctional programs and with the appropriate experiences for treating a criminal justice population, particularly those with substance use disorders. 83% of the Program Directors agree that the Ohio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services (OHMAS) is supportive of the use of medications for treating substance abuse in community corrections settings. However, less than 40% of the Program Directors agreed that OHMAS had adequately disseminated information about how to implement MAT in community corrections programs or that OHMAS had offered sufficient training opportunities about using medications to treat substance abuse. The primary method staff use to learn about MAT is having conversations with staff of other substance abuse treatment organizations. Survey data were used to assess staff beliefs about general treatment approaches for clients with addiction disorders, beliefs about MAT for clients with addiction disorders, and beliefs about the outcomes of MAT. Regarding overall treatment philosophy, survey responses demonstrated an overall pattern of clinical staff providing significantly higher ratings on items reflective of cognitive-behavioral and motivational enhancement approaches, and operations staff providing significantly higher ratings on items reflective of 12-step approaches and more confrontational approaches. Regarding concerns with MAT, the consistent pattern was that operational staff were more likely to agree with a series of negative statements, such “Using medications to treat addiction is substituting one drug for another” or “Medications are drugs and you cannot be clean if you are taking drugs.” Operations staff provided a statistically significantly lower endorsement of agreement to the item “I have received adequate information about the effects of using medication-assisted treatment for offender populations.” Operations staff also provided significantly lower ratings of agreement than supervisory and clinical staff on items that reflected benefits of MAT, such as MAT reduces relapse, increases employment, reduces crime, reduces or blocks the effects of opioids, increases family stability, and improves birth outcomes for children born to addicted mothers. On the other hand, they provided significantly higher ratings of agreement to items indicating beliefs about negative outcomes of MAT, such as MAT rewards criminals for being drug users and interferes with the ability to drive a car. In the surveys, we also asked staff about their perceptions of the acceptability and effectiveness of four medications used to treat opioid disorders: buprenorphine, methadone, oral naltrexone, and injectable naltrexone. Since previous studies have found that lack of information about medication effectiveness serves as a barrier to its implementation, we also sought to examine the extent of knowledge diffusion regarding each medication. We operationalized diffusion as a dichotomous variable. This variable was coded based on the response to the item “Based on your knowledge and personal experience, to what extent do you consider each of the following treatment techniques to be effective?” Answering “I don’t know” was coded as a lack of diffusion, while all other ratings were considered as evidence of diffusion. Finally, we sought to identify predictors of knowledge diffusion, endorsements of acceptability, and endorsements of effectiveness. Results are summarized below: 35.1% did not know the effectiveness of buprenorphine, 37.2% did not know the effectiveness of methadone, 55.4% did not know the effectiveness of oral naltrexone, and 44% did not know the effectiveness of injectable naltrexone. This trend is consistent with the amount of time these medications have been in use within the field of community corrections in Ohio. Staff perceived methadone and buprenorphine as less effective than both oral and injectable naltrexone, with the highest rating of effectiveness assigned to injectable naltrexone. Regarding acceptability, the results show the same trend, with staff rating methadone and buprenorphine as less acceptable than both forms of naltrexone. Again, injectable naltrexone received the highest endorsement of acceptability. Operations staff were more likely to provide a “don’t know” response regarding the effectiveness all four medications (see Table 1.). On the other hand, staff who worked in programs that provided access to MAT (rather than directly providing MAT) were more likely to endorse an opinion about all four medications. Staff who agreed that they had received adequate information about the effects of using MAT with offender populations also had an increased likelihood of endorsing an opinion about the effectiveness of all four medications. Staff and agency characteristics did not consistently predict perceived acceptability across the four medications (see Table 2.). Predictors that were somewhat consistent across models included staff beliefs about outcomes of MAT, whether the facility directly provided MAT, and staff concerns about MAT. Specifically, staff who demonstrated a higher level of agreement with positive statements indicating positive outcomes of MAT were significantly more likely to endorse the use of buprenorphine, oral naltrexone, and injectable naltrexone as acceptable. While direct provision of MAT served to increase the probability that staff would rate oral and injectable naltrexone as acceptable, it served to decrease the probability that staff would endorse methadone as acceptable. The only consistent predictor of perceived effectiveness across all four medications was staff beliefs regarding the positive outcomes of MAT (see Table 3.). Higher average ratings on these beliefs resulted in statistically significant increases in the probability that staff would agree that the medication was effective. Details: Columbus, OH: Center for Health & Human Services Research, 2016. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 8, 2016 at: http://www.publicsafety.ohio.gov/links/MAT_CBCFs_Report.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.publicsafety.ohio.gov/links/MAT_CBCFs_Report.pdf Shelf Number: 145616 Keywords: Community-Based CorrectionsDrug Abuse and AddictionDrug Abuse and CrimeDrug OffendersDrug TreatmentHalfway HousesSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Clarke, Ann Title: Review of Drug and Alcohol Treatment Services for Adult Offenders in Prison and in the Community Summary: (i) Introduction Executive Summary In 2015, the Probation Service and Irish Prisons Service (IPS) sought an independent review of alcohol and drug treatment services for adult offenders in the community and in prison. The review explores current provision and provides recommendations based on the evidence collected. It sets out a model of effective practice for the treatment of adult offenders which facilitates a continuum of care from prison to the community. A multi-method approach was used to meet the terms of reference. This included a literature review, consultations with key personnel in the Probation Service, IPS, service providers, the National Drugs Rehabilitation Implementation Committee (NDRIC), and the Health Service Executive (HSE), as well as site visits to Cork and Mountjoy Prisons, five community-based organisations and five Local Drugs and Alcohol Task Force projects (LDATFs). (ii) Model of Effective Practice The model of effective practice is presented in the main report. This is based on a review of international literature, the NDRIC framework, consultations with community-based organisations1 and prison-based health teams and addiction counsellors. It recognises that recovery from addiction is a long-term process that frequently requires multiple episodes of treatment and/or interventions. It acknowledges that no one treatment option fits all individuals and a broad range of options is required. It highlights the importance of good communication and co-ordination both within systems (e.g. prison) and between systems (e.g. prison and community). The principles underpinning the model include equity of access, choice, person centred provision that uses evidenced-based treatment and intervention options, co-ordinated approaches with clear treatment pathways into and out of different settings, using time in prison as an opportunity to address addiction and having a focus on outcomes. The core components of the model are interlinked rather than linear. These components are pre-work and preparation, referral, assessment, care planning, case management, treatment and recovery management. The model will work in both the community setting and prison setting. (iii) Strengths of the Current System of Provision Addiction is a major contributory factor in criminality. The Probation Service’s Drugs and Alcohol Survey (2011) found that the majority of alcohol and drug misusing offenders had their misuse linked to their offending. Martyn (2012) found that 89% of adult offenders on probation supervision had misused drugs or alcohol and Freeman and Allen (2015) found that 60% of prisoners in Cork prison had a documented history of substance abuse and addiction. Both the Probation Service and the IPS recognise the role drugs and alcohol play in criminality and recidivism and both have invested heavily in developing a system of provision to address drug and alcohol addictions. The prison environment provides a unique opportunity to support individuals to address addiction and it is appropriate that a range of treatment and intervention options is provided in the prison estate. Excluding direct staff and GP costs, the IPS and Probation Service have combined expenditure of €3.33m on the provision of addiction services for adult offenders. Expenditure by the Probation Service has remained stable in recent years, while spending by the IPS has reduced in line with the decline in prisoner numbers. However, those in prison are now more likely to be the most challenging and chaotic. This includes those with a dual diagnosis of addiction and mental health issues. Health teams are present in every prison and some staff have specialist qualifications in the treatment of addiction. Clinicians have an interest in addiction and are familiar with the care pathways within the prison estate, thus increasing their effectiveness. The development of joint strategies between the Probation Service and the IPS has supported the development of a more integrated and co-ordinated approach to dealing with offenders, including those with addictions. The current model of provision is a mixed methods layered approach incorporating residential treatment provided in the community using a number of treatment regimes. This includes detoxification within prison, methadone treatment, one to one and group addiction counselling, specialist treatment methodologies (e.g. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Therapeutic Communities, 12 Step Programmes), harm reduction and relapse prevention. This mixed methods way of working fits with international best practice and is appropriate. The NDRIC framework is an important national development that the Probation Service and the IPS have aligned with. There are opportunities to further strengthen this alignment with NDRIC, most notably in the areas of care planning, enhanced communication and protocols with the HSE, better internal and external co-ordination. While small in number and primarily Dublin-based, community prison link workers are a valuable resource which provides a link for offenders between prison and the community. Greater integration of these workers in the system of provision, including links with the work of Probation Officers and Integrated Sentence Managers (ISMs), would be supported by the development of a formal joint Service Level Agreement between the Probation Service and the IPS and organisations providing community prison link workers. From the limited outcomes data that is available, positive outcomes are evident. Overall we can expect between 70% and 100% of those who enter a detox programme to complete it, and between 60% and 80% of those who commence treatment to complete it. Of those who complete treatment we can expect around half to return to training, education or employment. Around one-third will achieve total recovery, another one-third will manage their addiction safely and around one-third will relapse. (iv) Gaps in Provision The system of provision is evolving to address needs as they arise. Areas that pose particular challenges at present and that require attention and further development are: Treatment services for women offenders. Women, especially women with children, have specific needs that a comprehensive system of provision should cater for. While women with addiction are catered for within prison and within the community, the options available are relatively limited. The Probation Service and the IPS are aiming to address these challenges through a joint strategy for women offenders. There is a strong focus on drug addiction within the current system of provision. However, alcohol abuse is just as important a contributor to criminality as is drug addiction and abuse. Because of the non-availability of alcohol within the prison estate, prisoners with an alcohol addiction effectively have no choice other than to detox, with or without medication. Programmes that place more attention on the underlying reasons for alcohol addiction and how to prevent these triggers in the future as well as harm reduction strategies require further development across the prison estate. Within drug addiction, many of the treatment regimes are focused on opiate based drugs. However, in recent years the trends in usage have been away from opiates towards other drugs such as benzodiazepines and novel psychoactive substances, which are more difficult to detect. Treatment regimes are playing catch up to these developments, both in the community and within the prison estate. There are a growing number of offenders presenting with co-morbidities, e.g. alcohol and/or drug abuse combined with mental health issues. Best practice advocates a system of integrated dual treatment and many of the existing suites of community-based service providers and the system of provision within the prison estate does not adequately cater for co-morbidities. (iii) Strengths of the Current System of Provision Addiction is a major contributory factor in criminality. The Probation Service’s Drugs and Alcohol Survey (2011) found that the majority of alcohol and drug misusing offenders had their misuse linked to their offending. Martyn (2012) found that 89% of adult offenders on probation supervision had misused drugs or alcohol and Freeman and Allen (2015) found that 60% of prisoners in Cork prison had a documented history of substance abuse and addiction. Both the Probation Service and the IPS recognise the role drugs and alcohol play in criminality and recidivism and both have invested heavily in developing a system of provision to address drug and alcohol addictions. The prison environment provides a unique opportunity to support individuals to address addiction and it is appropriate that a range of treatment and intervention options is provided in the prison estate. Excluding direct staff and GP costs, the IPS and Probation Service have combined expenditure of €3.33m on the provision of addiction services for adult offenders. Expenditure by the Probation Service has remained stable in recent years, while spending by the IPS has reduced in line with the decline in prisoner numbers. However, those in prison are now more likely to be the most challenging and chaotic. This includes those with a dual diagnosis of addiction and mental health issues. Health teams are present in every prison and some staff have specialist qualifications in the treatment of addiction. Clinicians have an interest in addiction and are familiar with the care pathways within the prison estate, thus increasing their effectiveness. The development of joint strategies between the Probation Service and the IPS has supported the development of a more integrated and co-ordinated approach to dealing with offenders, including those with addictions. The current model of provision is a mixed methods layered approach incorporating residential treatment provided in the community using a number of treatment regimes. This includes detoxification within prison, methadone treatment, one to one and group addiction counselling, specialist treatment methodologies (e.g. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Therapeutic Communities, 12 Step Programmes), harm reduction and relapse prevention. This mixed methods way of working fits with international best practice and is appropriate. The NDRIC framework is an important national development that the Probation Service and the IPS have aligned with. There are opportunities to further strengthen this alignment with NDRIC, most notably in the areas of care planning, enhanced communication and protocols with the HSE, better internal and external co-ordination. While small in number and primarily Dublin-based, community prison link workers are a valuable resource which provides a link for offenders between prison and the community. Greater integration of these workers in the system of provision, including links with the work of Probation Officers and Integrated Sentence Managers (ISMs), would be supported by the development of a formal joint Service Level Agreement between the Probation Service and the IPS and organisations providing community prison link workers. From the limited outcomes data that is available, positive outcomes are evident. Overall we can expect between 70% and 100% of those who enter a detox programme to complete it, and between 60% and 80% of those who commence treatment to complete it. Of those who complete treatment we can expect around half to return to training, education or employment. Around one-third will achieve total recovery, another one-third will manage their addiction safely and around one-third will relapse. (iv) Gaps in Provision The system of provision is evolving to address needs as they arise. Areas that pose particular challenges at present and that require attention and further development are: Treatment services for women offenders. Women, especially women with children, have specific needs that a comprehensive system of provision should cater for. While women with addiction are catered for within prison and within the community, the options available are relatively limited. The Probation Service and the IPS are aiming to address these challenges through a joint strategy for women offenders. There is a strong focus on drug addiction within the current system of provision. However, alcohol abuse is just as important a contributor to criminality as is drug addiction and abuse. Because of the non-availability of alcohol within the prison estate, prisoners with an alcohol addiction effectively have no choice other than to detox, with or without medication. Programmes that place more attention on the underlying reasons for alcohol addiction and how to prevent these triggers in the future as well as harm reduction strategies require further development across the prison estate. Within drug addiction, many of the treatment regimes are focused on opiate based drugs. However, in recent years the trends in usage have been away from opiates towards other drugs such as benzodiazepines and novel psychoactive substances, which are more difficult to detect. Treatment regimes are playing catch up to these developments, both in the community and within the prison estate. There are a growing number of offenders presenting with co-morbidities, e.g. alcohol and/or drug abuse combined with mental health issues. Best practice advocates a system of integrated dual treatment and many of the existing suites of community-based service providers and the system of provision within the prison estate does not adequately cater for co-morbidities. The absence of a peer-led positive drugs free environment, within the prison estate, for offenders who have come off drugs or alcohol needs to be addressed. (v) Development Needs In terms of actual work on the ground, certain aspects of the model of effective practice (see Figure 1 above for a summary and chapter five of the main report for the full model) require further development as follows: NDRIC is an important national framework that the Probation Service and the IPS should align further with wherever possible. This will help ensure continuity of care between different settings and optimal use of resources. As highlighted above, a more broadly based system of provision that caters for the specific needs of women offenders, treatments and interventions for alcohol abuse, treatments and interventions that accommodate the changing nature of drug abuse and co-morbidities is desirable. Within the prison estate, more focus on the development of alcohol treatment programmes would be beneficial as well as relevant screening and treatment regimes for nonopiate based drug addiction. This latter point also requires development within the community setting. With regard to co-morbidities, commissioning of service providers with expertise in mental health and treatment of addiction is one option. Another possibility is to develop protocols with the HSE on access to psychiatric and psychological services. Equity of access and treatment irrespective of location is a key principle that underpins the service provision model. This means that the current system of a broad base of community based organisations should be continued. However, as noted above, this could be strengthened by having more specialist services for women, services capable of addressing co-morbidities and services willing and able to deal with sex offenders or those with a history of violence. Within the prison estate, a minimum standard of provision should be present in every prison, with specialist programmes developed in Mountjoy. This is with a view to disseminating these throughout the prison estate once proven – in other words a hub and spoke model rather than a centralised model. Care planning the whole way through, from an offender being in the community (e.g. receiving treatment in the community through the HSE) to being in prison (where they might receive addiction counselling or participate in detox or continue with methadone maintenance) to discharge from prison back into the community, is an area that requires further work. Use of common assessment, screening tools and care plan templates can support a more co-ordinated care planning process. Currently, when an offender moves from the community into prison, there is a break in the care planning process. Similar breaks can occur on discharge, although the Integrated Sentence Management process has gone a considerable way to minimising this. Within the prison estate, clear responsibility for case management should be assigned and known. Information sharing, communication and co-ordination are requirements for effective through-care planning. At present, care plans do not follow the offender from one setting to another and at each stage the prison health staff, prison-based addiction counsellors, community-based treatment staff, Probation Officers, ISMs and community prison link workers are relying on the offender to inform them of what treatment or interventions they have engaged in before. Working with NDRIC, to develop a basic care plan that can be shared electronically, will support better co-ordination and effective provision of services. National protocols around referral, drop-out from treatment/interventions and information sharing require development to ensure a co-ordinated collaborative approach that supports effective case management and care planning between and within different settings. Better preparation of offenders who are moving to a residential treatment centre is an important success determinant in reducing drop-out rates, particularly in respect of offenders coming from a prison setting. Within the prison estate, a system of waiting time recording and management is a necessary step in order to support effective deployment of resources and efficient management of demand for services, particularly for addiction counselling. Harm reduction is an important component of the treatment toolkit (e.g. providing information and education on the risks of taking different types of drugs). Not every offender in treatment will successfully detox or remain drugs or alcohol free. Within the prison estate, a harm reduction programme should be developed and incorporated into the treatment regime. The Mountjoy Medical Unit operates the Drugs Treatment Programme (DTP). This could be improved through the development of a universal curriculum, better co-ordination of the service providers contracted to deliver different aspects of the curriculum and tracking of outcomes achieved. It has potential to be disseminated to other prisons once its effectiveness has been proven. For offenders remaining in prison, who have successfully detoxed, access to a peer-led positive drugs free environment will support their recovery. However, it must be remembered that within a community setting, drugs are readily available. This suggests that the primary focus should be on supporting offenders to build their own internal resilience and capacity to resist a return to addictive behaviours and be supported to build an alternative set of behaviours that support their good health and well-being. Considerable progress has been made in the management of release planning from prisons, e.g. the introduction of ISMs. However, there are still a number of areas where release of offenders with an addiction can be problematic, e.g. those who are homeless, or who are still chaotic drug users, or who are on remand, or who are released on bail by the courts, or who are on temporary release or post custody supervision. Managing these complex cases jointly and developing shared protocols would support more effective communication and coordination of such cases. The IPS needs to develop a national system of clinical governance for treatment within the prison estate that ensures consistency across prisons in the approach to treating offenders with addictions. Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are a fundamental tool in the overall governance (both financial and operational) of external service providers/CBOs contracted to provide addiction related services either in the community or within prisons. The SLAs that currently are in place have too much variability in their requirements for each service provider and there are inconsistencies between those of the Probation Service and the IPS. A standardised SLA template should be used by the Probation Service and the IPS for contracting of CBOs. One group of workers who currently provide services within the prison system have no SLA or oversight by either the Probation Service or the IPS, i.e. community prison link workers. This needs to be addressed, given that funding for their work is channelled through the Department of Justice and Equality. All Service Level Agreements should incorporate an agreed set of outcomes. For treatment services we would recommend a small number of performance indicators that focus on participation and treatment outcomes. These indicators should apply to community based services and treatment programmes within the prison estate. Joint training between community based organisations, the Probation Service and the IPS would facilitate useful networking and sharing of good practice and learning. This would also support working across the silos that are within the control of the Probation Service and the IPS. Finally, funding levels by the Probation Service should be maintained while those of the IPS should be restored to 2011 levels in order to address the gaps identified above. Multi-annual SLAs (covering up to a three-year period) should be considered for all service providers. Detailed recommendations are provided in chapter fifteen. Details: Dublin: Irish Probation Service and Irish Prison Service, 2016. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 27, 2017 at: http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/PS_IPS_Probation_Review_of_treatment_for_offenders.pdf/Files/PS_IPS_Probation_Review_of_treatment_for_offenders.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Ireland URL: http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/PS_IPS_Probation_Review_of_treatment_for_offenders.pdf/Files/PS_IPS_Probation_Review_of_treatment_for_offenders.pdf Shelf Number: 144929 Keywords: AlcoholismDrug Abuse and AddictionDrug OffendersDrug Treatment ProgramsSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Sindicich, Natasha Title: Patient Motivations, Perceptions and Experiences of Opioid Substitution Therapy in Prison Summary: People with opioid dependence are overrepresented in correctional settings (AIHW, 2013; Indig et al., 2010). Opioid substitution therapy (OST) is an effective treatment for opioid dependence, reducing illicit opioid use (Mattick, Breen, Kimber, & Davoli, 2009, 2014) and mortality (Degenhardt et al., 2011). OST is provided in correctional settings in many jurisdictions around the world (HRI, 2014), but there has been limited examination of the patient experience of opioid substitution therapy (OST) in correctional settings. Unexplored issues include reasons for entering (or not entering) treatment; patient perceptions of advantages and disadvantages of OST in prison; and preferences to cease or remain in treatment on release from prison. This latter issue is of particular importance, as clinicians report that patients often wish to cease OST prior to release, even when informed of the risk of overdose and benefits of remaining in treatment. This qualitative study aimed to examine patient motivations for, and perceptions and experiences of, OST in prisons in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Forty-seven participants were recruited from seven correctional centres across NSW between September 2012 and October 2013. All participants had a recorded history of opioid use and/or dependence. To ensure a broad range of perspectives were obtained, participants were selected on the basis of specific exposures to OST: Exposure group A (n=7): New inductions to OST. These individuals were within 28 days of commencing OST at the time of interview. They may have been in OST previously, in community or custodial settings; Exposure group B (n=11): Continuing OST from the community. This group of patients had been in OST prior to custody, and were in treatment in custody for at least 28 days before interview (i.e. had some familiarity with the opioid treatment program in prison). Exposure group C (n=10): Commenced OST in custody. These participants were in treatment for at least 28 days before interview (i.e. had some familiarity with the opioid treatment program in prison). Exposure group D (n=9): Voluntarily ceased OST in custody. Exposure group E (n=10): Patients who reported heroin use on reception to prison, but have not entered OST or have declined to be placed on the OST waiting list during this custodial sentence. The sample was predominantly male (n=32; 68%), and 18 participants (38%) identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander. The average age of participants was 35 years. Three-quarters (n=35, 75%) of the sample were sentenced, 11 were on remand, and one participant was unsure of sentencing status. The majority (n=42; 89%) reported a previous incarceration history. Twenty-eight participants were currently prescribed OST (methadone n=27, 57%; buprenorphine-naloxone-naloxone n=1, 2%). Findings by exposure group Among new OST inductions (Group A, n=7), reasons for commencing OST included wanting to abstain from drug use in prison and in the community upon release, as well as to aid with opioid withdrawal. Some participants noted the role of OST in the management of chronic pain. Benefits of OST identified by this group included elimination of opioid cravings, and the financial advantages of not buying drugs in prison. Criticisms of the opioid treatment program reported by this group included the waiting period to enter the program, with over half reporting drug use during this period in order to manage withdrawal symptoms. All participants in this group reported a willingness to stay in OST post-release, with two participants noting that they would prefer to be switched from methadone to buprenorphine formulations due to the lower frequency of administration (every second day) and higher number of ‘take-away’ doses available, which was deemed more practical for meeting employment commitments. Almost all (10/11) Group B patients (continuing OST from the community) were satisfied to remain in OST. Most (7/11) were willing to continue with OST post-release, so as to avoid drug relapse. As in Group A, two participants reported a preference to switch from methadone to buprenorphine-naloxone formulations post-release. For those who were wanting to cease treatment prior to release, reasons for this included pressure from family members and friends, the stigma attached to OST, the long-term nature of OST, and the perceived side-effects of poor dental health and appearing "stoned". Group C (n=10) were current OST patients who had commenced OST during this custodial period. Participants in this group reported drug use and unsafe injecting practices while in prison before commencing treatment. Most (6/10) reported that they would remain in OST post-release, at least until they felt they were stable and had a daily routine in the community. Those who wanted to cease treatment prior to release reported that they were primarily on OST for the management of their chronic pain and that on their release, they would seek other medication, often the preferred opioid analgesic they were prescribed prior to custody. Group D (n=9) had ceased OST during their current incarceration period. Around half (4/9) of participants in this group expressed interest in re-starting OST. Motivations for restarting OST included wanting to cease drug use in prison, and prevention of opioid withdrawal. Again, it was reported that drug use and unsafe injecting practices occurred during waiting periods to enrol in treatment. Reasons for ceasing OST related to release from prison and a reluctance to continue in OST due to the long-term nature of treatment, daily stressors of obtaining methadone in the community, and previous unsuccessful attempts OST episodes in the community. Group E (n=10) were people with a history of opioid use and/or dependence who had not entered OST in this period of incarceration. Seven participants in this group reported prior OST in the community or during previous incarcerations. Six of the ten participants in this group reported that they would like to be in OST, preferably prescribed a buprenorphine-naloxone formulation. Recurrent themes across groups Perceptions of opioid treatment program operation Participants were critical of the time taken to be assessed for OST and commenced on treatment. Participants perceived that this process was expedited if they reported drug use in prison to health centre staff; however, drug use is not a high priority indication for treatment entry per se (unlike pregnancy or HIV seropositivity, for example), so it is unclear if this perception was valid. Once treatment had commenced, participants perceived that there was a lack of monitoring and limited discussion of long-term treatment plans, particularly in relation to ceasing OST. Some participants questioned the motivations of other OST patients; for example, people with no recent history of opioid use who requested assessment for the opioid treatment program, or patients who deliberately requested higher doses of medicine than necessary in order to feel intoxicated. Intentions to cease OST prior to or on release Around one-third of current OST patients reported an intention to cease OST prior to or on release from prison. Participants identified aspects of OST in the community that they perceived as restrictive (e.g. daily dosing; difficulties in travelling to clinics within opening hours; difficulties going away from home). Some participants expressed concern that attending an OST clinic would result in drug use and/or crime as a result of exposure to past associates. Participants also expressed concern about the long-term nature of OST, with the perception that OST was replacing one addiction for another and in conflict with the goal of being "drug free". Participants also identified the stigma attached to OST as a reason for ceasing treatment prior to release. For some participants, this issue was framed in terms of where best to withdraw from OST, specifically methadone – in custody, or in the community. These participants identified the prison setting as a more fitting environment for managing withdrawal. Drug use in prison, including buprenorphine-naloxone diversion Across groups there was consensus that drugs including cannabis, heroin, methamphetamine, and buprenorphine-naloxone diverted from the opioid treatment program. Availability and pricing of drugs varied by prison. Drugs were injected and smoked. Awareness of the risk of blood borne virus transmission via sharing of needles and syringes was high, with specific mentions of risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV transmission. Participants reported use of needles and syringes by multiple people despite these risks. The issue of buprenorphine-naloxone diversion from the opioid treatment program was mentioned by 18 participants. Diversion appeared to occur largely in the context of patients being "stood over"; that is, being forced to give their buprenorphine-naloxone to someone else. Participants reported that people engaged in stand over behaviour to obtain buprenorphine-naloxone for their own use (medicating withdrawal symptoms, or getting intoxicated) or to sell for profit. Use of OST for chronic pain Five participants were prescribed methadone for the treatment of chronic pain. Participants generally stated a preference for other analgesic medicines. Methadone was, however, perceived as more effective for pain relief than other options available in the prison setting (e.g. ibuprofen). Naltrexone for the treatment of opioid dependence Over half of participants (27/47) had heard of naltrexone (either oral or implant formulation). There was some scepticism regarding the utility of naltrexone treatment for opioid dependence in the prison settings, primarily because participants believed that those prescribed naltrexone would continue to use, or commence using, non-opioid drugs. Discussion and conclusions Treatment seeking was often precipitated by drug use and injecting in prison. OST was also sought to medicate opioid withdrawal symptoms. Keeping prison-based OST numbers within a range that results in safe management both in custody and upon release to the community has led to delays in accessing OST for those patients seeking to commence treatment in prison, and patients clearly have strong negative views about this approach. Among some participants, the waiting list appeared to act as a barrier to initiating the process of commencing OST. Balancing the needs of opioid dependent patients against operational and capacity issues, and safety and security concerns, are ongoing challenges for clinical staff. With some exceptions, benefits of OST in prison were largely framed in terms of avoiding negative experiences or outcomes, rather than as direct positive benefits of treatment. These findings highlight that although OST is perceived as preventing negative outcomes, it is not necessarily seen as producing positive outcomes for the individual, such as better health or quality of life. This is line with previous research that has reported the considerable ambivalence that many opioid dependent persons have towards OST (Harris & Rhodes, 2013). Diversion of buprenorphine-naloxone from the opioid treatment program appeared to most commonly occur in the context of patients being "stood over" for their medicine, although there may also be patients who voluntarily engage in diversion. The potential for diversion of buprenorphine products used for OST in correctional settings has been previously identified (Gordon et al., 2014; Kinlock, Gordon, Schwartz, & Fitzgerald, 2010; Magura et al., 2009), and the combination buprenorphine-naloxone film was introduced into NSW correctional centres specifically in response to concerns regarding diversion of the mono-buprenorphine formulation (administered sublingually). Policies and procedures for reducing the incidence of diversion and for responding to identified cases of diversion are in place in correctional health centres in NSW. Despite the identified benefits of OST in prison, there was considerable ambivalence among patients regarding continuation of OST once released. Balancing the preference of many patients to cease OST prior to release against patient safety post-release is a substantial challenge for correctional health care providers. The weeks immediately after release from prison are associated with an elevated risk of drug-related death (compared to other time at liberty) (Merrall et al., 2010), and exposure to OST during this period is highly protective against mortality (Degenhardt et al., 2014). As such, correctional health care providers in NSW are trained to advise patients to remain in OST through their transition to the community, and are reluctant to assent to patient requests to cease OST prior to release. This tension between patient preference and evidence-informed clinical practice appears to be perceived by patients as a lack of consultation and/or poor treatment planning. Further work is needed examining provider perspectives of OST in prison, and determining models of care to enhance post-release engagement in OST. Participants reported that injecting drug use occurred in prisons. Awareness of the potential for HCV or HIV transmission through the sharing of injecting equipment was high; nonetheless, participants reported that sharing of needles and syringes was common. Participants perceived a needle and syringe program as feasible for the prevention of re-use of injecting equipment. This study has generated unique data on patient perspectives of OST in correctional settings. We have described patient perspectives on entry to, experiences of, and retention in, OST in prison and post-release. Our findings have highlighted the challenges facing opioid treatment providers in prison in addressing patient ambivalence towards OST and preferences to cease OST prior to release, and can inform the development of policies and clinical practices that are mindful of patient perspectives and concerns. These results are suggestive of the need for further work examining how best to attract and retain opioid dependent prisoners in treatment, including provider perspectives; evaluation of programs designed to increase post-release retention in OST (and other care), and quantitative analyses of retention in OST in prison and post-release. Details: Sydney: NATIONAL DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH CENTRE, UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 2016. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Technical Report Number 332: Accessed February 24, 2017 at: https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/ndarc/resources/Technical%20Report%20Number%20332.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/ndarc/resources/Technical%20Report%20Number%20332.pdf Shelf Number: 141212 Keywords: Correctional ProgramsDrug Abuse and AddictionDrug Abuse TreatmentDrug OffendersOpioidsSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Mollmann, Marianne Title: Neither Justice nor Treatment: Drug Courts in the United States Summary: There are more than 3,100 drug courts operating in the United States. But while the courts' proponents say they reduce recidivism for people with substance use disorders, critics say the system abuses due process, often mandates treatment for people who don't actually need it - people without drug dependence - and fails to provide quality care to many who do. Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) assessed the availability and quality of substance use disorder treatment through drug courts in three states - Florida, New Hampshire, and New York - and found major obstacles in all three states. Overall, PHR found that drug courts largely failed at providing treatment to those who truly needed it, and filled up limited treatment spaces with court-mandated patients who didn't always need the care. In many cases, court officials with no medical background mandated inappropriate treatment, or mandated treatment for people who didn't need it. In all cases, the functioning and mandate of the drug courts posed significant human rights concerns. Details: New York: Physicians for Human Rights, 2017. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 16, 2017 at: http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/assets/misc/phr_drugcourts_report_singlepages.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/assets/misc/phr_drugcourts_report_singlepages.pdf Shelf Number: 146217 Keywords: Drug CourtsDrug OffendersDrug TreatmentProblem-Solving CourtsSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Title: Alcohol and other drug treatment services in Australia 2015-16 Summary: In 2015-16, about 796 alcohol and other drug treatment services provided just over 206,600 treatment episodes to an estimated 134,000 clients. The top 4 drugs that led clients to seek treatment were alcohol (32% of treatment episodes), cannabis (23%), amphetamines (23%), and heroin (6%). The proportion of episodes where clients were receiving treatment for amphetamines has continued to rise over the 5 years to 2015-16, from 12% of treatment episodes in 2011-12 to 23% in 2015-16. The median age of clients in AOD treatment services is rising, from 31 in 2006-07 to 33 in 2015-16. Details: Canberra: AIHW, 2017. 85p. Source: Internet Resource: Drug Treatment Series No. 29: Accessed July 5, 2017 at: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=60129559769 Year: 2017 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=60129559769 Shelf Number: 146509 Keywords: Alcohol TreatmentDrug Abuse and AddictionDrug TreatmentSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Havnes, Ingrid Amalia Title: Violence and diversion of prescribed opioids among individuals in opioid maintenance treatment. A complementary methods study of violent crime convictions in a national cohort and qualitative interviews among prisoners Summary: Background: Opioid dependence is linked to crime, morbidity and mortality, directly through drug overdoses and indirectly via drug-related mortality, accidents, suicides and violence. Violence in general is a major health concern worldwide. Opioid maintenance treatment, OMT, is found to reduce mortality, morbidity and criminal behaviour, but less is known about the effect of OMT on violent crime. A possible negative consequence of OMT is diversion of methadone and buprenorphine and rising overdose deaths related to these medications among individuals not enrolled in OMT. The aim of this thesis is to study violent crimes prior to, during and after OMT in a national cohort and to generate new knowledge about OMT-enrolled individuals' experiences and understandings of being both violent and non-violent offenders, the role of substances in such crimes as well as their understandings and motivations related to diversion of prescribed opioids. Materials and methods: Two complementary data collection methods have been used. Violent convictions were investigated by use of cross-registry methods for a complete longitudinal national OMTcohort of 3221 individuals with an observation period of 9 years and a qualitative study among 12 imprisoned, OMT-enrolled individuals. 28 semi-structured interviews were thematically analyzed with a reflexive and interactive approach. Findings: Violent crime rates were significantly reduced during OMT compared with before treatment. The rate of convictions for violent crime during OMT was halved among those who remained in treatment. The reduction was less pronounced for those who left treatment: for this group, the rate of violent convictions after OMT was higher than before treatment. The risk of convictions for violent and non-violent crime during OMT was highest for those with violent convictions prior to treatment. In the qualitative part of the study, it was found that substances and, in particular, high-dose benzodiazepines were deliberately used to induce temporary 'antisocial selves' capable of transgressing individual moral codes and performing non-violent and violent criminal acts, mainly to support costly heroin use prior to OMT. During OMT, impulsive and uncontrolled substance use just prior to the violent acts that the participants were imprisoned for was reported. Benzodiazepines were also used to reduce memories of and alleviate the guilt associated with having committed violent crimes. The study participants maintain moral standards, engage in complex moral negotiations, and struggle to reconcile their moral transgressions. They were found to exhibit a considerable amount of self-control, selfregulation and/or self-initiation of external control related to intake of methadone and buprenorphine in various settings. Their acquired norm of sharing with others in a drug using community was carried along when entering OMT. Several had developed strategies to avoid selling or giving of methadone or buprenorphine to others. Giving one's opioid prescriptions to an individual in withdrawal, was seen as an act of helping. Individuals enrolled in OMT might thus be trapped between practicing norms of helping and sharing and adhering to treatment regulations. Conclusions: Opioid dependent individuals with violent convictions should have access to OMT. Treatment providers should identify individuals with histories of violent behavior. The situation that precede and motivate violent behavior and the potential role of substances prior to and after such crimes should be explored with the patient in question. What appears as a severe antisocial personality disorder may be partly explained by substance use. Treatment providers should explore the living conditions and social lives of individuals applying for and enrolled in OMT. To following OMT guidelines may entail breaking a personal and drug culture norm of sharing and helping by means of providing OMT medications to those in need. Opioid-dependent couples should be encouraged to apply for and enroll in OMT at the same time, if both are motivated for starting treatment. Some individuals might know what particular configurations of internal and external control they need in order to achieve their own treatment goals in OMT. An individual's experience and ability to execute self-control and self-regulation with regard to drug taking may be seen as a resource throughout the course of treatment. Details: Oslo: University of Oslo, 2015. 118p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 4, 2017 at: https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/42124 Year: 2015 Country: Norway URL: https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/42124 Shelf Number: 146719 Keywords: Drug Abuse and CrimeDrug Abuse TreatmentDrug OffendersOpioid EpidemicOpioidsPrescription DrugsSubstance Abuse TreatmentViolent Crime |
Author: Messina, N. Title: Enhancing Prison Treatment for Women Offenders: An In-Depth follow-Up Study Summary: UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs (ISAP) conducted a two-year pilot study to test the efficacy of a drug abuse treatment program designed for drugdependent women in prison. Specifically, the study examined the relative effectiveness of a "relational-based," multifaceted program called Women's Integrated Treatment (WIT) compared to a standard prison therapeutic community (TC) treatment program. Relational-based programs emphasize the important role of relationships and intimate partners in women's addiction and recovery. The WIT program is a multi-faceted curriculum organized into four modules: 1) self module, 2) relationship module, 3) sexuality module, and 4) spirituality module. A trauma-informed curriculum was also delivered in conjunction with these modules. Other WIT program elements concern, for example, parenting techniques, child custody issues, grief and loss, and decision-making skills. The comparison TC program is comprised of an array of services, including, for instance, individual and group counseling, 12-step meetings, recreational and mutual self-help group discussions, and anger management training. Both programs offer 6 months of aftercare treatment in the community. Although the WIT curriculum has been fully developed (Covington, 1999, 2003), this study is the first empirical test of the curriculum. The pilot study involved the expertise of the Center for Gender and Justice; the cooperation of Valley State Prison for Women (VSPW) in Chowchilla, California; and the treatment experience of Walden House, Inc. - the prison treatment provider. An already existing program (i.e., Integrity) at VSPW was modified to incorporate the WIT curriculum and is thus the target program. The study used an experimental design with random assignment of participants to the two treatment conditions (Integrity vs. TC). A total of 115 participants were recruited, randomly assigned to either the Integrity or TC program, and interviewed at three time points: 1) program entry; 2) 6-months post parole; and 3) 12-months post parole. Data were collected from the participants at 6- and 12-month follow-up interviews, regardless of whether they completed the programs or not. Interviews at 6 months were conducted with 50 Integrity participants and 44 TC participants. Interviews were also conducted at 12 months with 44 Integrity participants and 41 TC participants. Details: Los Angeles: University of California Los Angeles, 2009. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 21, 2017 at: http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Adult_Research_Branch/Research_Documents/Enhanced_Treatment_Women_Offenders_March_2009.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Adult_Research_Branch/Research_Documents/Enhanced_Treatment_Women_Offenders_March_2009.pdf Shelf Number: 146792 Keywords: Correctional ProgramsDrug Abuse TreatmentFemale InmatesFemale PrisonersSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Van Stelle, Kit R. Title: Sawyer County First Step Drug Court: Initial Evaluation Report Summary: The Sawyer County First Step Drug Court operates in Hayward, Wisconsin, a rural town in the northwestern part of the state with a population of 3,300 people. Hayward is in Sawyer County which has a total population of roughly 16,000 people over 1,256 square miles. Sawyer County also encompasses the Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwe Indian Reservation, which is located just a few miles from Hayward. The median household income in 2005 was $37,500 (with a per capita income of $21,271) and the racial/ethnic distribution in Hayward is approximately 74 percent white, 24 percent Native American Indian, one percent Hispanic, and one percent other . Approximately 14 percent of the population is below the Federal poverty level. The First Step program was operated as a pilot project from May 2004 through October 2004 with funding obtained through Sawyer County, and has been implemented for the past three years with funds from the Bureau of Justice Assistance awarded to the Sawyer County Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). First Step is a drug treatment court that offers eligible offenders the opportunity to participate in substance abuse treatment in lieu of incarceration. First Step is designed as a post-plea program, with entry into drug court occurring after a guilty plea has been entered on the charge(s). In this post-plea model, an eligible offender pleads guilty to the charge and is then admitted to drug court. If the offender completes drug court the original sentence is stayed, but the charge and guilty plea remain on their record. If the offender does not successfully complete drug court the original sentence is imposed. The program offers extensive case management services that coordinate substance abuse treatment, mental health treatment, education, employment, and other support services. First Step collaborates with the Lac Courte Oreilles Community Health Center which provides outpatient substance abuse treatment for Native American drug court participants. Details: Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, Population Health Institute, 2007. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 7, 2017 at: https://uwphi.pophealth.wisc.edu/programs/evaluation-research/sawyer-county-first-step-drug-court.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: https://uwphi.pophealth.wisc.edu/programs/evaluation-research/sawyer-county-first-step-drug-court.pdf Shelf Number: 148064 Keywords: Drug Courts Drug Offenders Drug Treatment Problem Solving Courts Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Shames, Alison Title: Remote Access: Using Video Technology to Treat Substance Users on Probation and Parole in South Dakota Summary: The challenges of accessing services for alcohol and other drug use in South Dakota may have contributed to the state's high percentage of people convicted of low-level nonviolent offenses, particularly for drug or alcohol related offenses. To minimize these challenges, especially for parolees and probationers residing in the state's vast rural areas, the state worked with local providers to pilot a teleconferencing program aimed at connecting people to community-based services without the cost and barrier of transportation or other access issues. This brief describes the issues people on parole or probation encounter and the solutions the state developed to address them. It is the second brief in a series of three that focuses on the Justice Reinvestment Initiative (JRI) - an initiative funded by the U.S. Department of Justice's Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), in partnership with the Pew Charitable Trusts. JRI is a data-driven approach to improve public safety, examine corrections and related criminal justice spending, manage and allocate criminal justice populations in a more cost-effective manner, and reinvest savings in strategies that can hold system-involved people accountable, decrease crime, and strengthen neighborhoods. At least 30 states have engaged in this process. Key Takeaway How South Dakota overcame the challenge of delivering treatment services across vast distances may serve as a guide for interested jurisdictions facing similar issues and hoping to start a similar program. Details: New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2016. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Brief: Accessed November 7, 2017 at: https://storage.googleapis.com/vera-web-assets/downloads/Publications/remote-access-video-technology-probation-parole-substance-users-south-dakota/legacy_downloads/Remote-access-using-video-technology-to-treat-substance-users-south-dakota-web-v2.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://storage.googleapis.com/vera-web-assets/downloads/Publications/remote-access-video-technology-probation-parole-substance-users-south-dakota/legacy_downloads/Remote-access-using-video-technology-to-treat-substance-users Shelf Number: 148070 Keywords: Community-Based CorrectionsOffender SupervisionParoleesProbationersSubstance Abuse TreatmentVideo Technology |
Author: Great Britain. HM Inspectorate of Probation Title: New Psychoactive Substances: the response by probation and substance misuse services in the community in England Summary: The prevalence of NPS is hard to quantify for several reasons. Synthetic drug manufacture is not geographically constrained and this prevents an estimation of the volume of such drugs being manufactured worldwide. Users of NPS often don't know what they are taking, and in some cases they have been misled, with NPS passed off as more conventional drugs such as ecstasy. In addition, GPs, accident and emergency departments, probation services and the police do not specifically record NPS use. While the overall size of the NPS market is small in comparison with other drugs, an increasing number of countries are reporting seizures of NPS. There is also growing recognition of the harm associated with NPS use - often the result of crude manufacturing techniques and unpredictable dosage levels. As a result, they can be more lethal than other drugs. Concern is also rising about their use among marginalised populations such as prisoners and street homeless, attracted by the availability and low cost of NPS. Treatment options are more limited than with other substances, for example opioids, where substitutes are available. In most cases, treatment involves psychosocial interventions to help people consider the health risks and the costs of using NPS, and to help them make behavioural changes to reduce harm and moderate their drug use. We came across two areas using clinical detoxification to help manage withdrawal from NPS use. Overall, inspected areas did not have a good enough understanding of the prevalence of NPS use at a local level or what may work for those using NPS. While the UK government has issued advice and guidance for commissioners and substance misuse services, in the main, strategies have focused on crisis management to address emergencies. While local management relationships between substance misuse services and probation providers were good, probation engagement at a strategic level was less consistent. Where the strategic response was appropriately coordinated, for example in Newcastle, it included longer-term actions for agencies to work together and address NPS-related concerns locally. They were also more likely to be collecting NPSspecific data. Partnership working was strongest in probation teams that worked in collaboration with other agencies, such as Integrated Offender Management, and in cases where service users had court-imposed or licence conditions to engage with substance misuse services. In other cases, work was often being done in isolation. We found the assessments and plans completed by substance misuse services sufficient overall. In line with Public Health England guidance, substance misuse services worked with the individual symptoms and not specifically on the drug that the individual used. We were told that this national guidance that NPS users should be treated the same as other drug users was the reason that NPS-specific training had not been rolled out to all keyworkers - we found that this had led to a significant gap. Without specific training, keyworkers relied on their more experienced colleagues and their own research to increase their knowledge and understanding. The most skilled practitioners had developed NPS toolkits, which were then used in individual work with service users. Where these were being used, we found that there was more awareness of the risks and effects of using NPS. However, many NPS users were not accessing available services. All the cases we inspected were known either to have used or be currently using NPS, yet probation assessments lacked sufficient information to explore the pattern, level and funding of NPS use. Many users experienced problems with housing, mental health, relationships and finances. Some had lost placements in hostels or housing tenancies for reasons that were often related to their NPS use, but responsible officers rarely identified this. In the process, those who lost their accommodation ended up on the streets, sleeping rough in an environment where NPS were easy to obtain and frequently used. Worryingly, probation providers did not routinely consider the risks associated with NPS use to groups such as children, staff, prisoners or the wider community, despite there being enough known about the unpredictable behaviour that could be displayed by those using the drugs. Two Community Rehabilitation Companies had developed short-duration substance misuse interventions. NPS use was only covered to a basic standard, with many attendees being better informed than responsible officers. We found no evidence that the Building Skills for Recovery accredited programme, which is designed to reduce offending behaviour and problematic substance misuse, was used for NPS users by either the National Probation Service or Community Rehabilitation Companies. Responsible officers were rarely able to talk to NPS users about their symptoms and consolidate work undertaken by substance misuse services. While probation providers were making appropriate referrals to substance misuse services, these were not always responded to in a timely fashion. Service user engagement was often sporadic and responsible officers did not do enough to support NPS users to re-engage. We found poor-quality information-sharing. Prisoners were being released into the community often with no information shared about their NPS use in prison, and release plans did not meet the needs of the prisoner in relation to their substance misuse. We found good recording of information by substance misuse keyworkers who had access to probation IT systems. In many cases, however, we found that substance misuse services held information that would have improved the quality of probation assessments and plans but was not being shared. NPS users were disengaged from services, insufficient progress had been made to address NPS use and in many cases no other work was taking place either. NPS users lacked trust in the help and support available, and many turned to using NPS to forget their problems. Confidence, knowledge and awareness were the key areas that affected the quality of work for both probation and substance misuse services. While some training had been provided, this was often not sufficient for practitioners and was no longer up to date. As a result, responsible officers and many substance misuse keyworkers were not confident enough to undertake harm minimisation work with NPS users. While clinical guidance is available, not enough has been provided to inform professionals working with NPS users on community orders in the criminal justice system. Details: Manchester, UK: Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Probation, 2017. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 30, 2017 at: http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/cjji/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/11/New-Psychoactive-Substances-report.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/cjji/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/11/New-Psychoactive-Substances-report.pdf Shelf Number: 148589 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug OffendersDrug TreatmentProbation OfficersProbationersSubstance AbuseSubstance Abuse TreatmentSynthetic Drugs |
Author: Shames, Alison Title: A Path to Recovery: Treating Opioid Use in West Virginia's Criminal Justice System Summary: In the United States, a disproportionate number of people who come into contact with the criminal justice system suffer from opioid use disorder. Key to confronting the opioid epidemic and related deaths is expanding access to a range of treatment options, including all forms of medication-assisted treatment (MAT). This brief looks at how one state-West Virginia-is providing MAT to eligible people in its criminal justice system and how its efforts under the federal Justice Reinvestment Initiative may improve its availability. Drawing primarily on interviews with 13 stakeholders, including representatives from the executive and legislative branch, practitioners from corrections agencies, and their partners who provide community-based health services, the paper summarizes West Virginia's efforts and draws out lessons for other states interested in using MAT to serve and treat those involved in their criminal justice system who engage in harmful opioid use. Details: New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2017. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 5, 2017 at: https://storage.googleapis.com/vera-web-assets/downloads/Publications/a-path-to-recovery-treating-opioid-use-west-virginia-criminal-justice-system/legacy_downloads/a-path-to-recovery-treating-opioid-use-west-virginia-criminal-justice-system.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://storage.googleapis.com/vera-web-assets/downloads/Publications/a-path-to-recovery-treating-opioid-use-west-virginia-criminal-justice-system/legacy_downloads/a-path-to-recovery-treating-opioid-use-west-virginia-criminal Shelf Number: 148710 Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Drug Abuse Treatment Opioid Abuse Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Great Britain. Ministry of Justice Title: The Impact of Community-Based Drug and Alcohol treatment on Re-Offending: Joint experimental statistical report from the Ministry of Justice and Public Health England. Summary: This experimental statistical report contains initial findings from a project that has linked data from the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS) held by Public Health England (PHE) with data on offenders held by the Ministry of Justice (MoJ). The aim of this report is to improve the evidence base of the links between community-based treatment for substance misuse and changes in re-offending. This ad-hoc release includes key sections on: - Characteristics associated with offending in the two-years before and after starting treatment (sections 3 and 7); - The offending profile both before and after starting treatment (section 4 and 5); - Change in offending (section 6); - Offending during prison or treatment (section 8). This report contains initial findings from analysing the final matched dataset to support policy development and is intended to demonstrate the potential utility in linking treatment and offending data. Future publications may follow as our investigations into the links between substance misuse, treatment and re-offending are expanded. Details: London: Ministry of Justice, 2017. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 14, 2018 at: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/28059/1/PHE-Community_based_drug_and_alcohol_treatment.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/28059/1/PHE-Community_based_drug_and_alcohol_treatment.pdf Shelf Number: 149139 Keywords: Alcohol Treatment Programs Community-Based ProgramsDrug Offender TreatmentDrug Treatment Programs Recidivism Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Physicians for Human Rights Title: Neither Justice nor Treatment: Drug Courts in the United States Summary: There are more than 3,100 drug courts operating in the United States. But while the courts' proponents say they reduce recidivism for people with substance use disorders, critics say the system abuses due process, often mandates treatment for people who don't actually need it - people without drug dependence - and fails to provide quality care to many who do. Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) assessed the availability and quality of substance use disorder treatment through drug courts in three states - Florida, New Hampshire, and New York - and found major obstacles in all three states. Overall, PHR found that drug courts largely failed at providing treatment to those who truly needed it, and filled up limited treatment spaces with court-mandated patients who didn't always need the care. In many cases, court officials with no medical background mandated inappropriate treatment, or mandated treatment for people who didn't need it. In all cases, the functioning and mandate of the drug courts posed significant human rights concerns. Details: New York: Physicians for Human Rights, 2017. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 16, 2018 at: http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/assets/misc/phr_drugcourts_report_singlepages.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/assets/misc/phr_drugcourts_report_singlepages.pdf Shelf Number: 149487 Keywords: Drug CourtsDrug OffendersDrug TreatmentHuman Rights AbusesProblem-Solving CourtsSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Anthony-North, Vedan Title: Corrections-Based Responses to the Opioid Epidemic: Lessons from New York State's Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution Program Summary: As the opioid crisis has swept the nation, more and more states are equipping their first responders and police officers with naloxone, an overdose antidote that reverses opioid overdoses and can be administered by bystanders with minimal training. This report details the efforts of New York State to implement an overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) program to one particularly vulnerable population-people who have been recently released from incarceration in state prison. The report assesses the results of New York State's efforts, and offers insights for other correctional systems seeking to implement OEND programs. Ensuring that naloxone is available where there is the greatest chance for an overdose requires more focused attention on distribution to populations that have increased risk of overdose mortality. Given the heightened risk of overdose death upon release from incarceration, it is essential that jurisdictions make a broader commitment to ensuring that people who are incarcerated have naloxone on hand when they return to the community. Details: New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2018. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 26, 2018 at: https://storage.googleapis.com/vera-web-assets/downloads/Publications/corrections-responses-to-opioid-epidemic-new-york-state/legacy_downloads/corrections-responses-to-opioid-epidemic-new-york-state.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://storage.googleapis.com/vera-web-assets/downloads/Publications/corrections-responses-to-opioid-epidemic-new-york-state/legacy_downloads/corrections-responses-to-opioid-epidemic-new-york-state.pdf Shelf Number: 149570 Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Drug Offenders Drug Overdose Drug Treatment Opioid Epidemic Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: King County Heroin and Prescription Opiate Addiction Task Force Final Report and Recommendations Title: Heroin and Prescription Opiate Addiction Task Force: Final Report and Recommendations Summary: Heroin and opioid use are at crisis levels in King County. In 2015, 229 individuals died from heroin and prescription opioid overdose in King County alone. To confront this crisis, in March 2016, King County Executive Dow Constantine, Seattle Mayor Ed Murray, Renton Mayor Denis Law and Auburn Mayor Nancy Backus convened the Heroin and Prescription Opiate Addiction Task Force. The Task Force, co-chaired by the King County Department of Community and Human Services and Public Health - Seattle & King County, was charged with developing both short and long-term strategies to prevent opioid use disorder, prevent overdose, and improve access to treatment and other supportive services for individuals experiencing opioid use disorder. The Heroin and Prescription Opiate Addiction Task Force met over a six month period from March to September 2016 to review 1) current local, state and federal initiatives and activities related to prevention, treatment and health services for individuals experiencing opioid use disorder; 2) promising strategies being developed and implemented in other communities; and 3) evidence-based practice in the areas of prevention, treatment and health services. The Task Force strived to avoid redundancy with other related activities and to leverage existing partnerships and activities where appropriate. Additionally, the Task Force applied an equity and social justice lens to the work to ensure that recommendations do not exacerbate, but rather lessen, inequities experienced by communities of color as a direct result of the "War on Drugs." This report provides a summary of the group's recommendations to both prevent opioid addiction and improve opioid use disorder outcomes in King County. Details: Seattle: The Task Force, 2016. 101p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2018 at: https://www.kingcounty.gov/~/media/depts/community-human-services/behavioral-health/documents/herointf/Final-Heroin-Opiate-Addiction-Task-_Force-Report.ashx Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.kingcounty.gov/~/media/depts/community-human-services/behavioral-health/documents/herointf/Final-Heroin-Opiate-Addiction-Task-_Force-Report.ashx Shelf Number: 150055 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug TreatmentOpiatesPrescription Drug AbuseSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Rumpf, Cesraea Title: Seeing the State: Women, Incarceration, and Social Marginality Summary: Based on in-depth, semi-structured qualitative and photo-elicitation interviews with 36 formerly incarcerated women, this dissertation answers three central research questions: (1) How does the state structure women's post-incarceration experiences? (2) How do these post-incarceration experiences relate to women's experiences of criminalization and incarceration? (3) How do women respond to criminalization, incarceration, and post-incarceration? By centering women's standpoint, I draw upon poststructuralist theories of the state to show how women experienced governance across multiple sites. I first examine the violence and dehumanization women experienced in their encounters with the criminal legal system and how the state labeled women as "criminals" and "addicts." After imprisonment, women encountered what I term a post-incarceration moral order in which they had to continuously perform their "rehabilitated," "moral," and "clean" identities under high levels of surveillance. State and non-state actors offered religion and recovery, specifically the 12-Step logic, as mechanisms for women to use to demonstrate their personal transformations, and recovery homes, drug treatment programs, and religious groups ultimately extended the discourses around "criminal" and "rehabilitated" identities that women experienced while incarcerated. Women contrasted their present selves with their past selves in ways that showed how personal transformation was an embodied process of moving from a failed femininity to a rehabilitated femininity. I show how women experienced the post-incarceration moral order as both constraining and enabling, as well as the strategies they used to navigate the order. I discuss women's resistance of the order's individualistic focus by highlighting moments of collectivity and critique, what I term cracks in the moral order. Women realized that personal transformation alone was not the answer to the problems they faced and that there was a need for broader social change. My research indicates a need for fundamental changes to the criminal legal system that go beyond reforming the conditions of imprisonment and easing the barriers people face post-incarceration. Specifically, I argue for the need for more types of drug treatment, rather than the dominance of the 12-Step approach; the need to decriminalize drugs; and the value of abolitionist projects that link personal and social transformation. Details: Chicago: Loyola University, 2014. 389p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 15, 2018 at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/1301/ Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/1301/ Shelf Number: 150562 Keywords: Drug Treatment Female Ex-Offenders Female Offenders Female Prisoners Female Prisons Prisoner Reentry Substance Abuse TreatmentWomen Prisoners |
Author: Kilmer, Beau Title: Considering Heroin-Assisted Treatment and Supervised Drug Consumption Sites in the United States Summary: Current levels of opioid-related morbidity and mortality in the United States are staggering. Data for 2017 indicate that there were more than 47,000 opioid-involved overdose deaths, and one in eight adults now reports having had a family member or close friend die from opioids. Increasing the availability and reducing the costs of approved medications for those with an opioid use disorder (OUD) is imperative; however, jurisdictions addressing OUDs and overdose may wish to consider additional interventions. Two interventions that are implemented in some other countries but not in the United States are heroin-assisted treatment (HAT; sometimes referred to as supervised injectable heroin treatment) and supervised consumption sites (SCSs; sometimes referred to as overdose prevention sites). Given the severity of the opioid crisis, there is urgency to evaluate tools that might reduce its impact and save lives. In this mixed-methods report, the authors assess evidence on and arguments made about HAT and SCSs and examine some of the issues associated with implementing them in the United States. Key Findings -- Evidence from randomized controlled trials of HAT in Canada and Europe indicates that supervised injectable HAT - with optional oral methadone - can offer benefits over oral methadone alone for treating OUD among individuals who have tried traditional treatment modalities, including methadone, multiple times but are still injecting heroin. Although heroin cannot be prescribed in the United States because it is a Schedule I drug, it would be legal to conduct a human research trial on HAT. The literature on treating OUD with hydromorphone (e.g., Dilaudid) is less extensive than the literature on HAT; however, the existing results are encouraging. Hydromorphone trials in the United States would face fewer barriers than HAT trials. The scientific evidence about the effectiveness of SCSs is limited in quality and the number of locations evaluated. Many SCSs have been around for 15 to 30 years. Persistence does not imply effectiveness, but it seems unlikely that these SCSs - which were initially controversial in many places - would have such longevity if they had serious adverse consequences for their clients or communities. For drug consumption that is supervised, SCSs reduce the risk of a fatal overdose, disease transmission, and harms associated with unhygienic drug use practices; however, there is uncertainty about the size of the population-level effects of SCSs. There are significant legal issues surrounding the implementation of SCSs in the United States.. Both HAT and SCSs, as currently implemented, serve only a small share of people who use heroin. It is important to have a sense of potential scale limitations and costs when discussing HAT and SCSs. It might be constructive to view HAT and SCSs as exemplars of broader strategies, not as the only option within their class. Recommendations -- Given (1) the increased mortality associated with fentanyl, (2) the fact that some people who use heroin may not respond well to existing medications for OUD, (3) HAT's successful implementation abroad, and (4) questions concerning whether the success would carry over to the United States, HAT trials should be conducted in some of the U.S. jurisdictions that already provide a spectrum of social services and good accessibility to medication treatments for OUD. Conducting trials with HAT and hydromorphone are not mutually exclusive, and it may make sense to include both in the same study, as was done in Canada. Assessing the impact of injectable hydromorphone via clinical trials (with or without a HAT arm) would inform future regulatory decisions about using it as a medication treatment for OUD. Some researchers and advocates believe that, during an emergency like the present opioid crisis, the absence of a large downside risk for an intervention that has strong face validity (e.g., SCSs) may be sufficient for some decisionmakers to proceed, rather than waiting for further evidence. Nevertheless, if attempts to implement SCSs in the United States are successful, a strong research component should be incorporated into these efforts. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2018. 93p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed Dec. 6, 2018 at: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2693.html?utm_source=WhatCountsEmail&utm_medium=Drug%20Policy%20Research%20Center%20(DPRC)+AEM:%20%20Email%20Address%20NOT%20LIKE%20DOTMIL&utm_campaign=AEM:363632650 Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2693.html?utm_source=WhatCountsEmail&utm_medium=Drug%20Policy%20Research%20Center%20(DPRC)+AEM:%20%20Email%20Address%20NOT%20LIKE%20DOTMIL&utm_campaign=AEM:363632650 Shelf Number: 153920 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug Consumption FacilitiesDrug-Related DeathsFentanylOpioid EpidemicOpioidsPrescription Drug AbuseSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Horn, Brady P. Title: Substance Use Disorder Treatment Centers and Property Values Summary: Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a major social concern in the United States and other developed countries. There is an extensive economic literature estimating the social costs associated with SUDs in terms of healthcare, labor market outcomes, crime, traffic accidents, and so forth. However, beyond anecdotal claims that SUD treatment centers (SUDTCs), settings in which patients receive care for their SUDs, have a negative effect on property values, there is scant empirical work on this question. In this paper, we investigate the effect of SUDTCs on residential property values using data from Seattle, Washington, and SUDTC location, entry, and exit information. To mitigate bias from the potential endogeneity of SUDTC location choices, we apply a spatial differences-in-differences (SDD) model, which uses property and SUDTC location to construct treatment and comparison groups. Our findings suggest that SUDTCs endogenously locate in lower value areas, and nave models imply that the entry of an SUDTC leads to a 3.4% to 4.6% reduction in property values. When an SDD model is applied, we find no evidence that SUDTCs affect property values. Overall, our findings suggest anecdotal claims that SUDTCs reduce property values are potentially overstated. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working paper no. 25427: Accessed February 20, 2019 at: https://www.nber.org/papers/w25427 Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://www.nber.org/papers/w25427 Shelf Number: 154677 Keywords: NIMBYNot In My BackyardProperty ValuesSubstance AbuseSubstance Abuse TreatmentSubstance Abuse Treatment Facilieies |
Author: Project Inform Title: Safer Consumption Spaces in the United States: Uniting for a National Movement Summary: On September 27 and 28, 2016, Project Inform convened a 2-day think tank in Baltimore, MD entitled, "Safer Consumption Spaces in the United States: Uniting for a National Movement". The meeting brought together a group of 50 harm reductionists, epidemiologists, lawyers, policy experts and people who use drugs to share experiences and discuss strategies for moving forward to bring safer consumption spaces (SCS) to the U.S. At the time the think tank was conceived, there was significant movement towards opening SCS/ SIFs in several U.S. cities and towns. Ithaca, NY included SCS in their report, "The Ithaca Plan: A Public Health and Safety Approach to Drugs and Drug Policy" as an important component of their response to the opioid crisis. Similarly, the Seattle and King County formed the "Yes to SCS" coalition, a group of people who use drugs, lawyers, medical providers, businesses, and other stakeholders to push the SCS agenda in their city. From there, a task force was formed and they published the "Heroin and Prescription Opiate Addiction Task Force: Final Report and Recommendations" which called for the opening of at least two SCS (called "Community Health Engagement Locations" or "CHELS") in their community. The Harm Reduction Coalition released a report entitled "Alternatives to Public Injecting." New York City embarked on a campaign-SIF NYC-to build a coalition of public health service providers and criminal justice reform advocates to call on the city to implement SCS to address problems related to substance use. In addition to these formal approaches, a number of other cities were at various stages of development in their respective SCS advocacy. The first day of the meeting consisted of discussions and presentations by people who use drugs (PWUD), advocates, researchers and other stakeholders to ground the think tank in some central themes: Beginning with a panel discussion from people who use (or used) drugs, a review of a currently operating underground SCS, the importance of including racial justice, and closing with a review of current efforts on the part of 7 cities to bring SCS to their respective communities. On the second day of the meeting, the group began with a discussion of bringing in new and diverse allies beyond the traditional harm reduction, medical and social service providers. Small groups were divided into breakout groups to discuss the following: 1) Keeping SCS Led by People Who Use Drugs 2) Program Strategies 3) Funding Strategies 4) Tools for Organizing 5) State/Local Advocacy 6) Federal Advocacy Strategies The meeting closed where we began: Discussing our values in the SCS movement to ensure that we make them happen on our own terms. Details: San Francisco: The Author, 2017. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed march 12, 2019 at: https://www.projectinform.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/SCS-Think-Tank-Report.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.projectinform.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/SCS-Think-Tank-Report.pdf Shelf Number: 154897 Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Drug Consumption Facilities Drug-Related Deaths Fentanyl Opioid Epidemic Opioids Prescription Drug Abuse Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Maksabedian Hernandez, Ervant J. Title: Increasing Access to Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Use Disorders: Estimating Costs, Supply, and the Effects of Insurance Expansions Summary: Drug overdose deaths in America exceeded 50,000 in 2015, claiming more lives annually than gun violence and motor vehicle accidents. Of these, more than 63% of overdose deaths were due to opioids. Medication-assisted treatment is regarded as the most effective form of treatment for those struggling with an opioid use disorder. However, medication costs and insurance coverage remain identified barriers to treatment. My dissertation measures access to buprenorphine, the fastest growing form of medication-assisted treatment, and the effects of demand side interventions aiming to tackle the opioid problem in America. While some supply side interventions have mixed effectiveness or unintended consequences potentially exacerbating the problem, demand side interventions may be more effective in reducing overall demand for opioids and opioid-related deaths. Insurance expansions, such as the federal insurance parity law of 2008 or the 2014 Medicaid expansions associated with the Affordable Care Act, could have increased access to treatment. The three main insights from this dissertation are: 1) who pays for the medication matters when considering the average cost of buprenorphine maintenance treatment. Patients with public insurance have lower buprenorphine costs compared to those paying with cash-only or with commercial insurance. 2) The federal parity law for substance use disorders (MHPAEA) did not increase access to medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorders. 3) Out-of-pocket costs for prescription opioids have decreased dramatically while costs for buprenorphine have not declined at similar pace, thus complicating access for those with an opioid use disorder. Efforts by Congress to push commercial insurers to expand coverage for addiction services have not led to lower costs for opioid treatment, unlike the experience among those with public insurance. Policymakers need to look for other ways to get commercial insurers to lower costs, particularly if further health care reform leads to a reduction in Medicaid funding and enrollment. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2017. 125p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed March 12, 2019: https://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD404.html Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD404.html Shelf Number: 154927 Keywords: Cost of InsuranceDrug Overdose DeathsMedical InsuranceOpioid EpidemicOpioidsPrescription Drug AbuseSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Wilkinson, Gwen Title: The Ithaca Plan: A Public Health and Safety Approach to Drugs and Drug Policy Summary: This report grows out of a recognition that the city of Ithaca, despite being a national leader in many ways, could do better in its response to drug use. As in many other parts of the country, interaction of policies and available services in Ithaca needs re-imagining to respond to past approaches that have failed. This report presents insights, findings, and recommendations that have emerged from a year-long process of consultations with community members and stakeholders, policymakers, elected officials, experts, and service providers to inform Ithaca's drug policies. Improving public health and safety are its guiding framework. As such, Ithaca stands poised to lead the nation in creating the first comprehensive municipal drug policy plan rooted in public health and harm reduction principles and grounded in the experiences and needs of the community. The drug policies and services currently in place in the city of Ithaca reflect the broader policy dissonance of a shifting and bifurcated approach to drug use in New York state and nationally. While new practices are adopted to reduce the negative health and social consequences of drug use, older practices criminalizing drug use remain. The policy conflicts underlying these approaches are not new, but they create serious problems and inefficiencies when it comes to how drug use is addressed. Too often, our past approaches have failed to recognize that fundamentally, the community prevalence of health problems, such as problem drug use, and social problems, such as participation in the illegal drug economy, reflect deeper issues related to social and economic opportunity and racial inequality. Over the past two decades, changes to drug policies and practices have been implemented in Ithaca with positive results. From the start of his tenure, Mayor Myrick recognized the need to build on these successes and develop an overall strategy to address the realities of drug use in our town. In April 2014, Mayor Myrick convened a group of community experts and leaders, representing the various sectors involved with responding to drug use. This group came to be called the Municipal Drug Policy Community (MDPC). The MDPC was charged to identify and describe the drug-related problems we experience in Ithaca and to recommend policies and practices we could adopt to improve our local response to drug use and related policies. MDPC formed four teams to explore these questions: Prevention, Treatment, Harm Reduction, and Law Enforcement - four domains or "pillars" which reflect the ways our societal response to drug use has been structured. The teams met several times to develop recommendations for new and reformed policies and practices, including reviews of the findings from community engagement activities designed to inform the process - a community convening with 200 Ithacans, eight focus groups involving nearly 100 participants, and dozens of one-on-one meetings with key stakeholders. Details: Ithaca, NY: City of Ithaca, 2016. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 12, 2019 at: https://www.cityofithaca.org/DocumentCenter/View/4224/The_Ithaca_Drug_Plan_19Feb2016_REFERENCE?bidId= Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.cityofithaca.org/DocumentCenter/View/4224/The_Ithaca_Drug_Plan_19Feb2016_REFERENCE?bidId= Shelf Number: 154934 Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Drug Policy Drug Treatment Programs Public Health Approach Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Harm Reduction Coalition Title: Alternatives to Public Injecting Summary: Harm Reduction Coalition convened a consultation in 2015 with international law enforcement and public health experts to understand the local dynamics shaping the establishment and implementation of supervised injection facilities in Frankfurt, Germany; Sydney, Australia; and Vancouver, Canada. The attendees identified a number of key lessons relevant to American policymakers: People who use SIFs take better care of themselves, reduce or eliminate their needle sharing, use their drugs more safely, and ultimately reduce their drug use; SIF participants gain access to other medical and social services and entry into drug treatment; There has not been a single overdose death in any of these programs over many years of operation and many thousands supervised of injections; SIFs do not increase drug use in the area, nor do they encourage young people to initiate drug use; Crime and public nuisance decrease in the areas around these programs. Details: New York: The Coalition, 2016. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 13, 2019 at: https://harmreduction.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Alternatives-to-Public-Injection-report.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: https://harmreduction.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Alternatives-to-Public-Injection-report.pdf Shelf Number: 154936 Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Drug Consumption Facilities Drug-Related Deaths Fentanyl Opioid Epidemic Opioids Prescription Drug Abuse Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Critchley, Karen Title: Criminal Justice Project: Drug Interventions Programme - Sefton Drug Testing Profile (2014 to 2017) Summary: The Drug Interventions Programme (DIP) process generally begins with the police drug testing individuals in the custody suite following an arrest. If offenders test positive for Class A drugs (opiates and/or cocaine), they are served with a Required Assessment (RA) by the police. This a compulsory legal sanction which requires the individual to attend up to two appointments (initial/follow-up RA) with a drugs worker. During these assessments the drugs worker will assess the individual's drug use and offending behaviour and, if necessary, encourage them to engage with drug treatment services (Home Office, 2010). In 2016/17, 57% of those accessing DIP in Merseyside presented via the RA route, while in Sefton 60% presented through RAs (Collins et al., 2017a). For this reason, the police play an important role in the early stages of the DIP process. Merseyside Police introduced targeted drug testing in 2015. This involves a set list of questions around drug use that should be considered by the police before a decision is made on whether the arrestee is drug tested. The main aim of targeted testing is to reduce the number of negative drug tests carried out in the custody suite setting, thus save police time and money, while ensuring offenders who use drugs continue to be drug tested and referred to treatment services through the RA process. This Drug Testing Profile for Sefton presents information on drug tests carried out at Sefton's custody suites and on Sefton residents across the Merseyside area between January 2014 and December 2017, with a particular focus given to the most recent year (2017). This profile contextualises Merseyside Police drug testing data by providing numbers and trends of offenders who use drugs identified through this route into the DIP system and a demographic overview of the individuals. Comparisons to overall Merseyside figures have been made, where possible, with tables in Appendix A and B showing comparisons across each area (custody suite area and area of residence). This profile also provides recommendations for all stakeholders involved with DIP, in terms of the efficient use of resources and effective services locally and across Merseyside. Details: Liverpool: Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 13, 2019 at: http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/8552/1/SeftonDrugTestingProfile%282014-17%29.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/8552/1/SeftonDrugTestingProfile%282014-17%29.pdf Shelf Number: 154938 Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Drug OffendersDrug Testing ProgramDrug Treatment Programs Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Measham, Fiona Title: The Reorientation Towards Recovery in UK Drug Debate, Policy and Practice: Exploring Local Stakeholder Perspectives. Emerging Drug Trends: Phase Four Report Summary: This Phase Four report is part of an ongoing programme of research on Emerging Drug Trends from 2010 onwards. Phase Four explores drug policy and service provision, concentrating on the re-emergence in recent years of 'recovery' as a guiding principles in UK drug policing, heralding significant changes to drug debate, policy and practice at national and local level. Details: Lancaster, UK: Lancaster University, Drug and Alcohol Action Team, 2013. 101p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 13, 2019 at: http://www.clubresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/LDAAT-P4.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.clubresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/LDAAT-P4.pdf Shelf Number: 154954 Keywords: Drug Abuse Treatment Drug Policy Drug Use Illegal Drug Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Reichert, Jessica Title: Co-occurring Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders of Women in Prison: An Evaluation of the WestCare Foundations Dual Diagnosis Program in Illinois Summary: Co-occurring disorders (COD) - both substance use disorders (SUD) and mental health disorders (MHD)affect many women incarcerated in prison. Incarcerated women are diagnosed with COD more often than their male counterparts (BJS, 2017). This is due in part to risk factors such as childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, and domestic violence that occur more often to women offenders and make them more likely to be diagnosed COD in their lifetime. To address the needs of women in prison with COD, evidence-based programming underpinned by principles of trauma-informed and gender-responsive frameworks are needed. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority (ICJIA) researchers conducted a process evaluation of the Dual Diagnosis treatment program operated by WestCare Foundation at Logan Correctional Center for women in Illinois. A process evaluation is intended to document how the program is currently implemented in relation to the original program design and promising or evidence-based practices. This report offers findings from that evaluation. Researchers specifically sought to learn how the program operated, about clients and their views on the program, and staff perceptions of the program. Specifically, the research team worked to answer the following research questions: - How did the program operate? - Who were the clients? - What did the clients and staff think of the program? - To what extent did the program reduce PTSD symptoms? - To what extent did the program reduce aggression? Details: Chicago, IL: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 2018. 53p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 18, 2019 at: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/assets/articles/Co-occuring_mental_health_and_substance_use_disorders_of_women_in_prison_FULL_REPORT_100318.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/assets/articles/Co-occuring_mental_health_and_substance_use_disorders_of_women_in_prison_FULL_REPORT_100318.pdf Shelf Number: 155026 Keywords: Co-occurring disordersDrug AddictionDual DiagnosisFemale InmatesMentally Ill InmatesSubstance Abuse OffendersSubstance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Collins, Petra Title: Criminal Justice Project: Liverpool Drug Testing Profile (2014 to 2017) Summary: In Liverpool, the criminal justice process generally begins with the police drug testing individuals in the custody suite following an arrest. If offenders test positive for Class A drugs (opiates and/or cocaine), they are served with a Required Assessment (RA) by the police. This a compulsory legal sanction which requires the individual to attend up to two appointments (initial/follow-up RA) with a drugs worker. During these assessments the drugs worker will assess the individual's drug use and offending behaviour and, if necessary, encourage them to engage with drug treatment services (Home Office, 2010). In 2016/17, 57% of those accessing criminal justice interventions in Merseyside presented via the RA route (Collins et al., 2017a), and for this reason the police play an important role in the early stages of this process. Merseyside Police introduced targeted drug testing in 2015. This involves a set list of questions around drug use that should be considered by the police before a decision is made on whether the arrestee is drug tested. The main aim of targeted testing is to reduce the number of negative drug tests carried out in the custody suite setting, thus save police time and money, while ensuring offenders who use drugs continue to be drug tested and referred to treatment services through the RA process. This Drug Testing Profile for Liverpool presents information on drug tests carried out at Liverpool's custody suites and on Liverpool residents across the Merseyside area between January 2014 and December 2017, with a particular focus given to the most recent year (2017). This profile contextualises Merseyside Police drug testing data by providing numbers and trends of offenders who use drugs identified through this route into the criminal justice system and a demographic overview of the individuals. Comparisons to overall Merseyside figures have been made, where possible, with tables in Appendix B and C showing comparisons across each area (custody suite area and area of residence). This profile also provides recommendations for stakeholders, in terms of the efficient use of resources and effective services locally and across Merseyside. Details: Liverpool: Public Health Institute, Faculty of Education, Health and Community, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed march 18, 2019 at: http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/8553/1/LiverpoolDrugTestingProfile%282014-17%29.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/8553/1/LiverpoolDrugTestingProfile%282014-17%29.pdf Shelf Number: 155043 Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Drug Testing Program Drug Treatment Programs Recidivism Reoffending Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Carey, Shannon M. Title: Missouri Treatment Courts: Implementing RNR in a Drug Court Setting: The 4-Track Model in Practice Outcome and Cost Study Summary Summary: Drug courts are designed to guide offenders with substance use disorders into treatment that will support recovery and improve the quality of life for the offenders and their families. Benefits to society include substantial reductions in crime and decreased drug use, resulting in reduced costs to taxpayers and increased public safety (e.g., GAO 2005; Kralstein, 2010). More recently, research has focused not just on whether drug courts work but how they work, and who they work best for. Research based best practices have been developed (e.g., Volume I of NADCP's Best Practice Standards was published in 2013 and Volume II in July 2015). These Best Practice Standards present multiple research-based practices that have been associated with significant reductions in recidivism or significant increases in cost savings or both. The Standards also describe the research that illustrates for whom the traditional drug court model works best, specifically, high-risk/high-need individuals. The Standards recommend that drug court programs either limit their population to highrisk/high-need individuals, or develop different tracks for participants at different risk and need levels (i.e., follow a risk-need responsivity model). That is, drug courts should assess individuals at intake to determine the appropriate services and supervision level based on their assessment results (e.g., Andrews, Bonta, & Wormith, 2006; Lowenkamp & Latessa, 2005). This research has led to the development of more sophisticated drug court programs, including programs that have implemented multiple tracks for their participants based on the four "quadrants" of risk and need (high-risk/highneed, high-risk/low-need, low-risk/high-need, and low-risk/low-need). The first known programs to implement all four tracks based on the risk-need quadrants were the Greene County Adult Treatment Court (GCATC) and the Jackson County Adult Treatment Court (JCATC) in the state of Missouri. In these two programs, judicial officers and coordinators worked with their teams and with community organizations to develop appropriate supervision, treatment and other complementary services for participants at each risk and need level. In October 2014, the Office of State Courts Administrator (OSCA) in Missouri, in partnership with NPC Research, received a grant from the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), to perform process, outcome and cost evaluations of these two treatment courts in Greene and Jackson County counties that had implemented a 4-track model following the principles of risk-need-responsivity (RNR). The scope of work for the BJA grant also included the expansion of this model into four additional Missouri drug courts. The Missouri Drug Courts Coordinating Commission (DCCC) was interested in the costs associated with implementing this model and subsequently contracted with NPC to evaluate the costs and potential benefits in two of the expansion sites, Boone County Adult Treatment Court (BCATC) and Osage-Gasconade County Adult Treatment Court (OGCATC). All four programs that participated in the study use a specialized screening tool, the Risk and Needs Triage (RANT), a scientifically validated screening tool developed by the Treatment Research Institute (TRI), to place offenders in one of the four risk-need "quadrants". Participants are then placed in one of four tracks according to quadrant assignment, with each track tailored to the risk and needs of participants in each quadrant with the expectation that this will improve effectiveness and be more cost and resource efficient. The evaluation in these four sites was intended to determine whether this expectation is accurate. That is, the study across these four sites (in Greene, Jackson, Boone and Osage-Gasconade counties) is designed to answer the question, does implementing separate tracks based on participant risk and need in treatment courts actually result in more efficient use of program resources and in improved participant outcomes? This report contains a summary of the methods used and results across all four study sites Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research; Jefferson City, MO: OSCA Research Unit, 2018. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 19, 2019 at: http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/MO-4-Track-Outcome-and-Cost-Summary.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/MO-4-Track-Outcome-and-Cost-Summary.pdf Shelf Number: 155046 Keywords: Drug Courts Drug Offenders Drug Treatment Problem-Solving Courts Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Boyd, Susan Title: Drug use, arrests, policing, and imprisonment in Canada and BC, 2015-2016 (with 2017 addendum) Summary: In 1908, Canada enacted its first federal narcotic law. Since then, drug control has been expanding for over a century. Drugs like opium, heroin, cocaine, cannabis, and a host of others have been framed as evil and made illegal to use and sell. As a result, the people who use these drugs are labeled as criminal and as a danger to society. Harsh punishments, arrests, and prison time have been justified to stop people from using and selling criminalized drugs. For poor and working class people who use illegal drugs, prison time was-and continues to be-the norm. Drug prohibition in Canada takes a primarily criminal justice system approach. In Canada, federal drug law and policies-controlled and enacted through the Canadian Drugs and Substances Act1 (CDSA)-criminalize a long list of drugs and hinder the setting up of alternative services, like overdose prevention sites and drug substitution programs (e.g., heroin-assisted treatment). In 2012, the Safe Streets and Communities Act came into force. The Act includes harsh mandatory minimum penalties (prison time) for many non-violent drug offences. Rather than framing drug use as a social, cultural, and public health matter (as is the case with alcohol and tobacco), some drugs have been made illegal and their possession framed as a criminal matter. Drug prohibition and the arrest of over 3 million Canadians for drug offences over the last century have not lowered drug use or addiction rates; rather, drug prohibition has fuelled an illegal drug market and stalled the creation of health and harm reduction programs that counter drug overdose deaths, Hepatitis C, and HIV/AIDS epidemics. It is often diverse, poor, working class, racialized people and their families and communities that bear the brunt of drug prohibition in Canada. In Canada, drug use is estimated through the Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (CTADS). Every two years, the survey is conducted by Statistics Canada on behalf of Health Canada. The survey compiles information on tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use by Canadians 15 years and older. Surveys like CTADS can provide some insight into drug use trends over time. From the 1920s until the 1960s, the concept of the "criminal addict" kept Canada from creating publicly-funded drug treatment and drug substitution programs. The term criminal addict implied that people addicted to illegal drugs were criminals first and "addicts" second. It was argued that addicts would continue to be criminals even if they were provided drug treatment or drug substitution programs. Therefore, publicly-funded drug treatment was not set up and nor were drug substitution programs. It was not until the 1960s and 1970s that publicly-funded "abstinence-based" drug treatment services were set up. And, it was not until 1961 that doctors in Canada were legally allowed to prescribe methadone as a substitution drug. The term "criminal addict" is no longer used; however, people who use criminalized drugs continue to be legally and socially discriminated against. People who use illegal drugs are not more "criminal" but are criminalized, meaning that drug prohibition (i.e., drug laws and policies) fuels systemic legal and social discrimination, and shapes the lives of people who use illegal drugs and their criminal justice encounters at every level (i.e., policing, arrest, sentencing, prison, and release). However, the CTADS has many limitations. Survey results are based on more than 15,000 telephone interviews conducted across Canada. People who do not have phones are not included (although for the first time in 2015, people with cell phones were included). People who refuse to provide personal information to a government agency are also excluded from survey results. Regional surveys of specific populations, such as homeless youth, provide a more nuanced picture of drug use. National surveys report daily drug use, past month drug use, past year drug use, and lifetime drug use. It is reported that outside of some prescription drug use, men use more drugs than women. Details: Vancouver: Author, 2018. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed April 4, 2019 at: http://drugpolicy.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Vandu-Report-Mar-9-2018.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Canada URL: http://drugpolicy.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Vandu-Report-Mar-9-2018.pdf Shelf Number: 155342 Keywords: Arrests and Apprehensions Drug Abuse and Addiction Drug Offenders Drug Policy Drugs and Crime Illegal Drugs Substance Abuse Treatment |
Author: Powell, David Title: How Increasing Access to Opioids Contributes to the Opioid Epidemic: Evidence from Medicare Part D Summary: Drug overdoses involving opioid analgesics have increased dramatically since 1999, representing one of the United States' top public health crises. Opioids have legitimate medical functions, but improving access may increase abuse rates even among those not prescribed the drugs given that opioids are frequently diverted to nonmedical use. We have little evidence about the causal relationship between increased medical access to opioids and spillovers resulting in abuse. We use the introduction of the Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit Program (Part D) as a large and differential shock to the geographic supply of opioids. We compare growth in opioid supply and abuse rates in states with large 65 plus population shares to states with smaller elderly population shares with a focus on abuse among the Medicare - ineligible population. Part D increased opioid utilization for the 65 plus population, and we show that this increase in utilization led to significant growth in the overall supply of opioids in high elderly share states relative to low elderly share states. This relative expansion in opioid supply resulted in an escalation in opioid-related substance abuse treatment admissions and opioid-related mortality among the Medicare-ineligible population, implying meaningful spillovers to individuals who did not experience any change in prescription drug benefits. The evidence suggests that increased opioid supply is associated with economically - important levels of diversion for nonmedical purposes. Our estimates imply that a 10% increase in medical opioid distribution leads to a 7.4% increase in opioid-related deaths and a 14.1% increase in substance abuse treatment admission rates for the Medicare-ineligible population. Details: Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 7, 2019 at: https://www.nber.org/papers/w21072 Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR1169.html Shelf Number: 156222 Keywords: Drug Abuse Drug Treatment Opioid Crisis Opioid Epidemic Prescription Drugs Substance Abuse Treatment |